Loading...
Thesis
Browse
11 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Restricted Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Embargo Analytical study of women engaged in income generation activities(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Monika; Sidhu, KiranjotPresent study entitled „Analytical study of Women engaged in Income Generation Activities‟ was conducted to identify the type of income generating activities (IGAs), factors influencing the selection of activity and contributing to success and failure and determine economic and employment generation performance of IGA. Data were collected personally from 200 women who had started IGA and had either continued or discontinued IGA. Largest percentage were young, middle aged, married , matriculate, not members of any organization belonged to nuclear and small families with farming as major source of income. More than half had family income between 100000 - 350000 rupees. Majority were continuers and were sustaining since 8-14 years and were independently functioning. Initial funds were pooled from different sources. Own saving was used by majority and very few took loan from the bank. Largest percentage of continuers were engaged in garment construction and among discontinuers in dairy and processing. Largest percentage of continuers and discontinuers were self-motivated. Low family income and continuity of family IGA were major reasons for starting the IGA. Profitability, previous involvement of family and use of family labor were factors contributed to selection of IGA. Majority of income generating women (IGW) that is 160 earned between 30000-60000 rupees generating 62954 man days of employment. Very few attended formal trainings. Majority of continuers wanted to upscale or continue with the activity. Half of them cited financial independence and enjoyment of being a role model for other as the major reason for it. Unprofitability was major reason to discontinue. Lesser demand, inability to compete, time management and lack of physical support from the family were reasons given by those who had already discontinued. Educational status was negatively and significantly related to duration of sustainability. Higher income from the IGA and number of trainings attended were positively related with duration of sustainability. Employment generation was positively significantly related with family size and percentage of loan returned. It was recommended that women motivated to start IGA should be identified, trained and supported through linkage development with different agencies for managing resources, marketing and other aspects in which women lack desired level of competencies.ThesisItem Restricted Analysis of entrepreneurs trained by Punjab Agricultural University(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Ikjot Kaur; Sidhu, KiranjotThe present study entitled ‘An analysis of entrepreneurs trained by Punjab Agricultural University’ is an attempt to determine the capacitator and facilitator role of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in setting up and management of the enterprise set up by PAU trained entrepreneurs, profile them and identify problems faced by them along with the factors contributing to their success. Data collected personally from 64 entrepreneurs who were trained and provided stalls at Kisan Mela organized by PAU at campus revealed that majority of entrepreneurs were middle aged, female, married and belonged to small-sized families nuclear families. Majority sourced their income from entrepreneurship. One fourth were graduates. Majority were producing and selling agro-processing based products and least percentage were dealing with household utility articles. Large percentage were found to have started their enterprise in the last 2-8 years. Majority were functioning under the umbrella of self-help group (SHG) and had registered their enterprise and were earning between 1 to 6 lakhs annually. It was found that entrepreneur’s interaction with consumers was the major source of advertisement. Nearly half were motivated by PAU experts during training to start the enterprise. PAU experts at the campus emerged as a source of help for registration of enterprises. Majority of entrepreneurs were members of PAU Associations/Clubs and were regularly attending the meeting. Maximum number of trainings attended by entrepreneurs were organized by PAU. They were supported by PAU with information about trainings and Kisan Melas beside facilitating them for developing linkages with different institutions for availing subsidies, awards, loans or setting up of marketing. PAU provided a platform for marketing during initial years to understand the market demand and plan marketing strategies as per consumer demand. Entrepreneurs were recognized by different agencies for their work and large percentage out of them had received 1-3 awards and were awarded and honoured by PAU for their role as entrepreneurs. Total of 523010 hours of paid employment was generated through these enterprises. Nearly half of them had started the enterprise to substitute family income. Difficulty in marketing of products and lowering sales during COVID- 19 were the major problems faced by entrepreneurs. Education, higher organizational membership, number of products, more recognition, large family size, use of mass media , use of ICT , subsidy and training were contributing factors to success. It can be concluded that PAU was playing a vital role in facilitating entrepreneurship development.ThesisItem Restricted Awareness and extent of use of natural sweeteners in daily diet by women of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Davinder Singh; Kanwaljit KaurNatural sweeteners are nutritive and provide energy to the body. Artificial sweeteners are non-nutritive. Various natural sweeteners can act as a substitute for sugar. Besides their sweetening quality, these natural sweeteners are also non-toxic and safe to use. The role of women in the balanced nutritional intake of family members is of utmost importance. The primary responsibility to take care of the health of every family member is on the woman in the house. Woman can change the diet of the family in an exemplary fashion. Keeping these facts in minds study was conducted to measure awareness level of urban and rural women regarding use and benefits of selected natural sweeteners. Four natural sweeteners i.e. Jaggery,Shakkar, Honey and Stevia were selected for study. Extent of use of these selected natural sweeteners in daily diet was also assessed. The study was conducted on 100 urban and 100 rural women in four districts of Punjab. Data were collected by using interview schedule. Study finding revealed that 89 per cent urban and 79 per cent rural women were using three natural sweeteners i.e. jaggery, shakkar, and honey. Ninety nine percent of rural and urban respondents were not aware about stevia and they were not using at all. Medium level of awareness regarding benefits of jaggery, shakkar and honey was observed by 55 per cent of rural as well as urban respondents. But low level of awareness regarding nutrients and nutritive value of natural sweeteners was seen in all respondents (rural and urban). Level of awareness regarding benefits of jaggery and shakkar was more in rural respondents as compare to urban respondents. Extent of use of shakkar for making the value added products was highest as compare to other three selected natural sweeteners. So it is suggested that the professionals who are involved in promotion of organic farming should create awareness among people related to stevia. Subject Matter Specialist of Food and Nutrition Department should create awareness regarding nutrients and nutritive value of natural sweeteners. Awareness should to created about different value added products of natural sweeteners i.e. jaggery, honey and stevia. It may motivate women to start small scale enterprises in value added products of natural sweeteners.ThesisItem Embargo Aspirations and expenditure behavior of farm women of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rupinder Kaur; Gupta, Ritu MittalAspirations are goals, individuals are willing to invest time, effort or money in to attain. Individual must act, must have time, effort or money to pursue their goals. In this context the study was designed to identify aspirations, time utilization pattern, expenditure behavior and to ascertain congruence among aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior of farm women. For this study, 500 farm women were selected from proportionately selected districts from five agro climatic zones of Punjab. Data was collected by semi structured interview schedule. Findings of the study revealed that farm women aspire more for children’s occupation, children’s education and their settlement in foreign countries. They did not aspiretheir children to be agriculturist. Majority of farm women had medium level of aspirations. On an average, farm women spent their maximum time i.e. 4.15 hours/day on kitchen work and minimum time i.e. 1.18hours/day on community related work. On an average, farm families had maximum expenditure (Rs. 80,552/annum) on food and had minimum personal expenditure (Rs. 10,079/annum). Farm families had average expenditure i.e. Rs. 2, 75,668/annum which means they monthly spent Rs. 22,972 on different household components. Between the three income groups—low income, medium income, and high income, the high income group had the highest average expenditure. Levels of aspirations, time utilization pattern and expenditure behavior were significantly associated with each other. Aspirations were found to be positively and significantly correlated withtime utilization pattern and expenditure behavior. Time utilization and expenditure behavior were also positively and significantly related with each other.ThesisItem Open Access Development of video modules for creating awareness on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jasbir Kaur; Kanwaljit KaurThe rural women play an important role in managing major household activities. Due to their involvement in farming and household activities, they are exposed to poisonous chemicals in daily life. There is a need to encourage them to adopt corrective measures to minimize the use of chemicals during the performance of day to day activities. In this context, study was conducted to identify different household practices on safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. On the basis of 30 identified practices, a knowledge test and video modules were developed. A knowledge test was administrated on 100 rural women of Ludhiana district of Punjab. After that, prepared video modules were shown to the women through WhatsApp message. Post knowledge scores of the video modules were recorded. Comparison of pre and post knowledge scores showed that significant change was seen for all major practices related to safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level. The overall significant change in mean knowledge score for all five major practices was 42 per cent. After video exposure, percentage of the respondents in high level of knowledge category was shifted from 2 to 77 per cent. So, prepared video modules are proved to be effective for creating awareness among people regarding safe and judicious use of chemicals at household level.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of value added milk products by trainees of dairy development board for income generation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present study was conducted to assess the acceptability and adoption of value added milk products by trainees of Dairy Development Board for income generation. Secondary data from all the nine Dairy Training and Extension Centres (DTEC) of Dairy Development Board in Punjab were collected to identify the trainings on value added milk products conducted by each centre. Data about trainings were also taken from Northern Regional Demonstration and Training Centre, Jalandhar. Primary Data, was collected from Dairy Training and Extension Centre (DTEC), Chitamali as it provides most comprehensive trainings on value addition of milk products. Only 123 trainees of this centre were available for data collection so rest 27 trainees were selected from DTEC, Bija to complete the sample for study. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Acceptability was studied in terms of mental acceptance and perceived feasibility. Results revealed that round half of the respondents had medium acceptability for dairy products making followed by one third who had high acceptability. Income and land holding was significantly related with Acceptability of dairy products and caste was associated with overall Perceived Feasibility. Perceived Feasibility, Mental acceptance and Acceptability score of long duration trainees was significantly higher as compared to medium duration trainees which shows that long term trainings had more impact than medium duration trainings. Half of the respondents have adopted manufacturing of Butter at commercial level closely followed by Paneer and Curd. Around one third of respondents adopted making Desi Ghee, Flavoured Milk and Cream at commercial level. Increasing income, ample of milk production, personal interest and financial independence were the major reason for adoption of dairy products at commercial level. Financial constraints, less additional income, lack of skill, lack of family support and high risk in start activity were the major reasons for non-adoption at commercial level. Lack of space, inadequate credit facilities, high rate of interest on loans and quality issues were major reasons for discontinuance at commercial level. the study highlights the need to focus on long duration trainings along with past training support mechanism ensuring quality check, marketing linkages and loans at cheaper rates.ThesisItem Open Access Communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Vaishali; Gupta, Ritu MittalThe present investigation was conducted to analyze the communication behaviour of dairy farmers in Punjab. The aim of the study was to analyze the communication behaviour along its different parameters i.e. information seeking, processing and dissemination behaviour besides the constraints faced by dairy farmers to access the various information sources. A total of 160 dairy farmer (male and female) from three socio-cultural zones of Punjab who had at least four milch animalsconstituted the sample for the study. Data were collected through a well-structured and pre tested interview schedule. Gender desegregated role performance in dairy shows that males were more responsible for the dairy activities like feeding, breeding, animal health care, marketing while in the activities like finance, shed house cleaning, milk sale and produce records female‟s involvement was more. Information seeking was found to be associated with gender while information processing was associated with family type and information dissemination was associated with marital status. Overall communication behaviour of majority male dairy farmers lies in the medium level while female dairy farmers had low communication behaviour. Information seeking, information processing, information dissemination and communication behaviour all were found to be significantly related to each other. Communication behaviour was found to be significantly related with age and qualification. Female respondents faced personal, technical/ organizational as well as psychological constraints significantly more than their male counterparts. Therefore, innovative strategies using IT and social networking sites should be chalked out to provide information to females as well so that information is effectively transferred and readily accepted by dairy farming families.ThesisItem Open Access Perception of farm families towards farming as an occupation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rai, Anjana; Sidhu, KiranjotThe present study was conducted in Punjab to analyse the perception of 200 farm families represented by male child studying in class 10/11/12, father and mother towards farming as an occupation using an interview schedule. Majority of farm families were cultivating between 5 to 15 acres of land, annually earning upto three lakhs with farming as primary source of income. Loan for agricultural purposes was used for constructing houses, marriage or sending members abroad. WhatsApp was most used media. Prevalence of mono cropping was observed with product being sold in raw form in the nearest market. Very low physical involvement of mother and children was found in farming activities. Most of the farm families had negative perception towards farming as an occupation and it significantly varied within factors (economic, social, personal, physical and psychological) and zones but not between three members of the family. Farming and farm related enterprises were not the first choice of occupation. Government job was considered an occupation and was first choice of majority of parents and children. Going abroad was the first preference of those not interested in choosing any career options in India. Higher, fixed income, luxurious life, security, social status were basis for making the choice. Positive perception led to better ranking of farming Father and child who perceive farming to be economically profitable were more inclined towards it as an occupation. Families having more cultivated land perceive farming more positively as an occupation. Parents age, education and exposure to different media significantly and positively impacted their perception. Physical involvement of mother in farming impacted their perception . Socially active fathers were more inclined towards farming. Based upon the findings it is recommended that carrier counselling should be an integral part of school activities and children and their parents should be made aware of, not only the conventional occupational choices, but occupational choices which can be pursued along with farming but based upon aptitude of the child. They should be persuaded to learn skills particularly those which can help them to substitute income from farming and can be undertaken along with farming. Extension personnel should conduct programmes to improve perception towards farming and help children make appropriate occupational choices. Economic, social, physical, personal and psychological factors associated with farming should be highlighted during such programmes through sharing success stories in farming and allied activities.
