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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SNACKS(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY; LUDHIANA, 2010) SISODIA, POONAM; BRAR, JASWINDER KAUR06062017_0002_0024_Abstract.pdfThesisItem Restricted An exploratory study of perceived stress among students of selected State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) of Northern India(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Negi, Anjali; Kanwaljit KaurThe study was conducted to explore the extent of perceived stress among undergraduate and postgraduate students of four State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) namely Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan) and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab). Stratified Random Sampling technique was used to select a sample of 540 students consisting of 360 undergraduate and 180 postgraduate students of three colleges i.e. College of Agriculture, College of Home Science and College of Agricultural Engineering of selected universities. The data were collected through distributed questionnaire technique. A stress perception scale was developed to know the extent of perceived stress among students. The findings of the study revealed that percentage of the postgraduate students was towards higher side of the stress as compared to undergraduate students. A significant difference was also observed between undergraduate and postgraduate students in regard to their extent of perceived stress. A small percentage of the students had high academic performance while a majority had medium level of academic performance. Placements problems and high expectations of the parents were major sources of perceived stress in undergraduate as well as postgraduate students. Place of accommodation, parent’s education and father’s occupation were found to be significantly associated with extent of perceived stress of both undergraduate and postgraduate students while award of scholarship, family background, family type and order of birth had significant association with extent of perceived stress in postgraduate students. A positive and significant relationship was observed between family income and extent of perceived stress. Listening to music, seeking out friends for conversation, trying to come up with different possible solutions and looking on the bright side of the things were major stress coping strategies used by students. Alcohol consumption, smoking, drug use, meditation and yoga were the least used coping strategies in both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Most of the students were using positive and healthy stress coping strategies to release stress. Students should be motivated to improve their academic performance. Postgraduate students should be counselled to minimize their stress. Awareness about different job opportunities after degree programme should be created among students. There is a need to strengthen counselling cell of the state agricultural universities. Parents should have realistic expectations from their children and they should try to understand their needs and capabilities. Higher earning families should spend quality time with their wards so that their children may not feel ignored and stressed.ThesisItem Restricted Effectiveness of social advertisement in promoting adoption of health and hygiene practices by rural women(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bhalla, Sumita; Sharma, PreetiThe present investigation entitled “Effectiveness of social advertisement in promoting adoption of health and hygiene practices by rural women” was conducted with the objectives to study the TV viewing behaviour of rural women regarding social advertisement on health and hygiene practices, to explore the opinion of rural women about the quality of social advertisement, to assess the effectiveness of social advertisement in promoting adoption of selected health and hygiene practices.The study was conducted in purposively selected two districts of Punjab. The most frequently telecasted five social advertisements during the month of June, 2017 were selected after consultation with experts. Data was collected from 160 purposively selected rural women using pre-tested structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents had medium to high level of exposure to mass media. Majority of the respondents had moderate (71.88%) level of TV viewing behaviour. Almost all the respondents perceived time of the social advertisements on pregnancy check-up (95.00%) and immunization (96.25%) appropriate. The duration and frequency of social advertisement on immunization was found appropriate by almost all the respondents. Almost all the respondents opined all the selected social advertisements having appropriate information quality and perceived appropriate use of language, attractive and action oriented presentation of social advertisements. The most liked social advertisement was on pregnancy check-up. Regarding the effectiveness of social advertisement, most of the respondents reached to adoption stage of keeping the environment clean (91.25%) followed by immunizing their children (83.13%), breast feeding (66.38%) and use of ORS/Zinc during diarrhoea (42.50%). A positive relationship was found between TV viewing behaviour for social advertisements and the adoption of selected health and hygiene practices.ThesisItem Open Access Information-seeking behaviour of women regarding health and hygiene practices(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Loveleen Kaur; Sukhjeet KaurThe present study was undertaken with the objectives to identify the information-seeking behaviour of women regarding health and hygiene practices, to determine the problems in information-seeking and to ascertain the association of information-seeking behaviour of women with their personal and socio-economic characteristics. The study was conducted in Ludhiana district of Punjab. Two blocks and two zones were selected purposively from Ludhiana district. Further two villages from each block and two localities from each zone were selected randomly. Twenty five women from each selected village as well as from each locality in the age of 25-50 years were selected on random basis. Thus total 200 women formed the sample for the study. Health and hygiene practices were studied under three categories as personal, food related and household health and hygiene practices. Findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents had low information needs for selected health and hygiene practices. Use of all information sources by most of the respondents was found to be low for seeking information on all health and hygiene practices while informal sources were the most frequently used sources of information. Information sources were never evaluated by the majority of the respondents while looking for information on household and food related health and hygiene practices, and were sometimes evaluated by them in case of personal and overall health and hygiene practices. Equal proportion of the respondents had active and passive information-seeking behaviour regarding personal health and hygiene practices, and active information-seeking behaviour for household and overall health and hygiene practices. In case of food related health and hygiene practices, majority of the respondents possessed passive information-seeking behaviour. Major problems faced by the respondents related to informal, formal, print and electronic sources were unreliability, expensiveness, non-availability and lack of knowledge in using source. Information-seeking behaviour of the respondents was significantly associated with their education, family income and mass media exposure.ThesisItem Restricted Use of information communication technology by extension personnel of Krishi Vigyan Kendras : a comparative study(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sulibhavimath, Arjun; Sharma, PreetiThe present investigation entitled “Use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) by KVK extension personnel of Krishi Vigyan Kendras: A comparative study” was conducted with the objective to compare the extent of use of ICT by KVK extension personnel of Punjab and Karnataka for acquiring & disseminating the knowledge, to explore the opinion and problems faced by the KVK extension personnel in using ICT for acquiring and disseminating the knowledge and to seek suggestions of KVK extension personnel in enhancing the use of ICT. The study was conducted in selected KVKs of Punjab and Karnataka. Fifty percent of KVKs were randomly selected from both the states. From Punjab, out of 17 KVKs nine and from Karnataka, out of 30 KVKs fifteen KVKs were selected. All the extension personnel in position at the time of investigation were taken from the selected KVKs. Thus 51 respondents from Punjab and 73 respondents from Karnataka totalling to 124 respondents formed the sample for the study. The data was collected through structured interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the KVK extension personnel of both the states were in the age group of 36-47 years having Ph.D degree, majority were males and belonged to rural family background. Very few percentage of the respondents of both the states attended trainings on ICT. Majority of the KVK extension personnel of both the states always used google search engine for acquiring knowledge under different purposes. Majority of the respondents of both the states always used telephone/ mobile phone, camera, SMS service system and whatsapp (social media application) for disseminating knowledge to farmers. Overall there was positive opinion of KVK extension personnel towards the use of ICTs. All of the respondents were agreed upon various benefits of ICTs. Inadequate training on ICT tools, lack of communication infrastructure and lack of sufficient number of computers were considered as major problems by majority of the respondents. This study suggested that the KVK extension personnel of both the states needed more trainings on ICT and more budget to improve ICT infrastructure for efficient use of ICT.ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SNACKS(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Poonam Sisodia; Jaswinder Kaur, BrarThe study was conducted to evaluate the snacking pattern in 60 joint and nuclear families (30: 30) of Ludhiana city with at least one child in the age group of 13 to 18 years. Traditional snacks/ dishes with high consumption frequency among the grand parents, parents, and adolescents were vegetable pakora, khoa pinni, suji halwa, rice kheer and sweet dalia. The commonly consumed market purchased snacks were jalebi, mathee, bread pakora, besan ladoo and samosa. The high consumption frequency of modern snacks i.e. pizza, burger, sandwich, manchurian and noodles was found in adolescents only. The nutritional analysis of snacks/ dishes revealed that the protein content of traditional homemade, traditional market purchased and modern snacks/ dishes ranged between 7.4 to 12.0, 3.5 to 9.8 and 6.2 to 12.4 g % / 100 g dry matter. The corresponding ranges for fat and energy were 3.2 to 21.9, 20.1 to 28.6 and 9.6 to 22.0 g % and 389 to 487, 474 to 516 and 419 to 482 kcal / 100 g DM. The traditional market purchased snacks such as jalebi, mathee and samosa had significantly low protein. Traditional homemade snacks/ dishes i.e. rice kheer, vegetable pakora, besan ladoo had appreciable values for protein. Modern snacks i.e. pizza, sandwich and burger had protein content at par with the traditional homemade snacks/ dishes. Although all snacks had low fibre content, modern snacks had lesser fibre when compared to traditional snacks/ dishes. High fat snacks were mathee, besan ladoo and khoa pinni (>20 %). All modern snacks had moderate level of fat content (6 to 13 %). Traditional snacks/ dishes like rice kheer and sweet dalia were particularly low in fat (1.3 to 2.5 %). On an average, modern snacks provided lesser calories when compared to most of the market purchased traditional snacks.Modern snacks like pizza (215 mg) and sandwich (104 mg) and traditional snacks / dishes like rice kheer (210 mg), sweet dalia (134 mg) and khoa pinni (199 mg) were good sources of calcium. Most of the snacks were poor or fair source of iron, the range being 0.3 to 7.0 mg / 100 g DM. the results concluded that high consumption frequency snacks may play a significant role in determining the nutritional status of consumers. So, wise choices should be made while including these snacks in their daily diets. The low fat, low carbohydrate and low protein snacks should be chosen for frequent consumption from the wide range of traditional and modern snacks.ThesisItem Restricted Musculoskeletal disorders among female workers engaged in papad rolling activity(PAU, 2012) Gupta, Ritu; Bakhshi, RupaPresent investigation was carried out to study work environment, postures adopted, musculoskeletal disorders and physiological stresses faced by women engaged in papad rolling activity and to design and evaluate suitable ergonomic tools/interventions for humanizing their work environment. Study was conducted in two phases: field survey and field experiments. Field survey was conducted on 200 respondents selected purposively from Ludhiana district. Data revealed that respondents spend 4-6 hours in papad rolling activity. Postural analysis using RULA (mean score 5.5) indicated that respondents were working in poor posture. Job Strain Index (mean score 30.81) indicated that job is hazard prone. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders as perceived by respondents indicated that majority of respondents revealed the symptoms of transient backache, wrist/elbow strains, carpal tunnel syndrome, picondylitis, tendonitis, cervical and lumbar spondylosis. Therefor e, based on results of survey conducted and suggestions made by respondents, a rolling board was designed (6 cms high) and their work nvironment was modified. These were tested on 25 subjects selected for field experiments. Results revealed that designed rolling board and improved workplace conditions reduced heart rate (5.20%), energy expenditure (13.50%), total cardiac cost of work (15.99%), physiological cost of work (14.24%), perceived exertion (136%), angle of deviation of spine (3.01%), grip fatigue (6-7%), pinch fatigue (7-9%), and back muscles fatigue (7.49%) including body discomfort and symptoms of MSDs. RULA interpretation indicated that posture of subjects improved by using designed rolling board. Work output of the subjects increased and they were more satisfied and comfortable with the intervention.ThesisItem Open Access Developing Ergonomically Designed Kitchen Aid for Reducing Physiological Stress of Women Working in Standing Type Kitchen(PAU, 2014) Charu; Sandhu, PushpinderThe present study was undertaken to study the work, worker and workplace interfacing in selected standing type of kitchens of Ludhiana city; assess physiological stress caused thereof and to evaluate ergonomically designed kitchen aid for reducing stress of working in the kitchen. The study was conducted on 200 respondents from the age group of 35-55 years, selected purposively from two zones of Ludhiana city. Self Structured Interview Schedule was prepared and pretested to assess work, worker, and workplace interface. NIOSH Discomfort Survey and Rated Perceived Exertion were used to assess the physiological stress. On the basis of anthropometric measurements of the respondents a Kitchen Aid was designed and evaluated on 20 respondents in the department laboratory. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were suffering from back pain, joint pain and acute weakness while doing kitchen activities in standing posture. They were bending, and stretching while storing. Special cooking and dough kneading were perceived as complex activities whereas Chapatti making, special cooking and dish washing as time consuming activities. Curry making and pre preparation were found to be the most liked activities but majority of them were having discomfort while doing most of the kitchen activities however the intensity of discomfort was mild to moderate and duration was less than one hour in majority of the cases. In the observation of workplace it was found that very few respondents had kitchen size below the recommendation of National Building Code. Average height of cooking, preparation centre and sink were observed to be 85.30 cm, 85.73 cm and 85.85 cm respectively which were not according to anthropometric measurement of the respondents. On the basis of survey results a Kitchen Aid was designed and evaluated in laboratory. Significant reduction was observed in heart rate, energy expenditure, and physiological cost of work while doing chapatti making and dish washing without and with using the aid. Significant difference was also observed on Rated perceived exertion, Visual Analogue Discomfort, Overall Discomfort Rating and Rapid Entire Body Assessment scale. The aid found to be effective in reducing physiological stress among the selected subjects. However, there is a need to conduct more trials on larger sample and on more activities, to recommend the AID.ThesisItem Restricted Assessing Organizational Deception in Interpersonal Communication using Information Manipulation Theory (IMT)(PAU, 2013) Mittal, Ritu; Randhawa, VarinderThe study was conducted to test the applicability of Information Manipulation Theory (IMT) in Indian context, prevalence of deception inorganizations and the reasons thereof. Survey design was used to collect information from the faculty of PAU by presenting violated stimulus material measuring four dimensions of message manipulation i.e. quantity, quality, relevance and manner to test the claims of the theory. All the violations were perceived as deceptive. Hence, the study proved that IMT theory is applicable in Indian context. Quality violation was perceived as most deceptive while quantity violation was perceived asleast deceptive form of information manipulation. Prevalence of deception was explored in respect of personal and academic purposes. For both the purposes, quantity violation (2.99) was found to be most widely prevalent followed by relevance (2.70), manner (2.49) and quality (2.48) violation.Overall deception mean (2.67) showed that faculty sometimes violates the information for varied purposes. Quality violation which was perceived as most deceptive was reportedly least prevalent while, quantity violation which was perceived as least deceptive was found to be the most prevalent form of deceptive communication. Reasons for violation were studied under three subheads i.e. personal factors, social factors and organizational factors. Among personal factors pleasing high- ups came out as prominent reason for deception followed by lack of skill, personality and home- work interface. Among social factors, maintaining social relationships emerged as foremost reason followed by unharmonious relationship, history of reciprocity, social undermining and apprehensions about misuse of information. Regarding organizational factors, unhealthy competition came out as foremost reason for deception followed by role conflict, organizational reward system, organizational climate and organization system. Among personal, social and organizational factors, organizational factors (2.79) were reported as the prominent factor followed by personal (2.76) and social factors (2.63). Hence, information manipulation is widel y prevalent even in academic community and the prominent reasons emerged to be rganizational factors. It can therefore, be inferred that organization must take measures to reduce sycophancy, minimize role conflict, streamline reward system and promote healthy work environment for improving overall organizational output and productivity.
