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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SNACKS(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY; LUDHIANA, 2010) SISODIA, POONAM; BRAR, JASWINDER KAUR06062017_0002_0024_Abstract.pdfThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SNACKS(PAU Ludhiana, 2010) Poonam Sisodia; Jaswinder Kaur, BrarThe study was conducted to evaluate the snacking pattern in 60 joint and nuclear families (30: 30) of Ludhiana city with at least one child in the age group of 13 to 18 years. Traditional snacks/ dishes with high consumption frequency among the grand parents, parents, and adolescents were vegetable pakora, khoa pinni, suji halwa, rice kheer and sweet dalia. The commonly consumed market purchased snacks were jalebi, mathee, bread pakora, besan ladoo and samosa. The high consumption frequency of modern snacks i.e. pizza, burger, sandwich, manchurian and noodles was found in adolescents only. The nutritional analysis of snacks/ dishes revealed that the protein content of traditional homemade, traditional market purchased and modern snacks/ dishes ranged between 7.4 to 12.0, 3.5 to 9.8 and 6.2 to 12.4 g % / 100 g dry matter. The corresponding ranges for fat and energy were 3.2 to 21.9, 20.1 to 28.6 and 9.6 to 22.0 g % and 389 to 487, 474 to 516 and 419 to 482 kcal / 100 g DM. The traditional market purchased snacks such as jalebi, mathee and samosa had significantly low protein. Traditional homemade snacks/ dishes i.e. rice kheer, vegetable pakora, besan ladoo had appreciable values for protein. Modern snacks i.e. pizza, sandwich and burger had protein content at par with the traditional homemade snacks/ dishes. Although all snacks had low fibre content, modern snacks had lesser fibre when compared to traditional snacks/ dishes. High fat snacks were mathee, besan ladoo and khoa pinni (>20 %). All modern snacks had moderate level of fat content (6 to 13 %). Traditional snacks/ dishes like rice kheer and sweet dalia were particularly low in fat (1.3 to 2.5 %). On an average, modern snacks provided lesser calories when compared to most of the market purchased traditional snacks.Modern snacks like pizza (215 mg) and sandwich (104 mg) and traditional snacks / dishes like rice kheer (210 mg), sweet dalia (134 mg) and khoa pinni (199 mg) were good sources of calcium. Most of the snacks were poor or fair source of iron, the range being 0.3 to 7.0 mg / 100 g DM. the results concluded that high consumption frequency snacks may play a significant role in determining the nutritional status of consumers. So, wise choices should be made while including these snacks in their daily diets. The low fat, low carbohydrate and low protein snacks should be chosen for frequent consumption from the wide range of traditional and modern snacks.ThesisItem Restricted Musculoskeletal disorders among female workers engaged in papad rolling activity(PAU, 2012) Gupta, Ritu; Bakhshi, RupaPresent investigation was carried out to study work environment, postures adopted, musculoskeletal disorders and physiological stresses faced by women engaged in papad rolling activity and to design and evaluate suitable ergonomic tools/interventions for humanizing their work environment. Study was conducted in two phases: field survey and field experiments. Field survey was conducted on 200 respondents selected purposively from Ludhiana district. Data revealed that respondents spend 4-6 hours in papad rolling activity. Postural analysis using RULA (mean score 5.5) indicated that respondents were working in poor posture. Job Strain Index (mean score 30.81) indicated that job is hazard prone. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders as perceived by respondents indicated that majority of respondents revealed the symptoms of transient backache, wrist/elbow strains, carpal tunnel syndrome, picondylitis, tendonitis, cervical and lumbar spondylosis. Therefor e, based on results of survey conducted and suggestions made by respondents, a rolling board was designed (6 cms high) and their work nvironment was modified. These were tested on 25 subjects selected for field experiments. Results revealed that designed rolling board and improved workplace conditions reduced heart rate (5.20%), energy expenditure (13.50%), total cardiac cost of work (15.99%), physiological cost of work (14.24%), perceived exertion (136%), angle of deviation of spine (3.01%), grip fatigue (6-7%), pinch fatigue (7-9%), and back muscles fatigue (7.49%) including body discomfort and symptoms of MSDs. RULA interpretation indicated that posture of subjects improved by using designed rolling board. Work output of the subjects increased and they were more satisfied and comfortable with the intervention.ThesisItem Open Access Developing Ergonomically Designed Kitchen Aid for Reducing Physiological Stress of Women Working in Standing Type Kitchen(PAU, 2014) Charu; Sandhu, PushpinderThe present study was undertaken to study the work, worker and workplace interfacing in selected standing type of kitchens of Ludhiana city; assess physiological stress caused thereof and to evaluate ergonomically designed kitchen aid for reducing stress of working in the kitchen. The study was conducted on 200 respondents from the age group of 35-55 years, selected purposively from two zones of Ludhiana city. Self Structured Interview Schedule was prepared and pretested to assess work, worker, and workplace interface. NIOSH Discomfort Survey and Rated Perceived Exertion were used to assess the physiological stress. On the basis of anthropometric measurements of the respondents a Kitchen Aid was designed and evaluated on 20 respondents in the department laboratory. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were suffering from back pain, joint pain and acute weakness while doing kitchen activities in standing posture. They were bending, and stretching while storing. Special cooking and dough kneading were perceived as complex activities whereas Chapatti making, special cooking and dish washing as time consuming activities. Curry making and pre preparation were found to be the most liked activities but majority of them were having discomfort while doing most of the kitchen activities however the intensity of discomfort was mild to moderate and duration was less than one hour in majority of the cases. In the observation of workplace it was found that very few respondents had kitchen size below the recommendation of National Building Code. Average height of cooking, preparation centre and sink were observed to be 85.30 cm, 85.73 cm and 85.85 cm respectively which were not according to anthropometric measurement of the respondents. On the basis of survey results a Kitchen Aid was designed and evaluated in laboratory. Significant reduction was observed in heart rate, energy expenditure, and physiological cost of work while doing chapatti making and dish washing without and with using the aid. Significant difference was also observed on Rated perceived exertion, Visual Analogue Discomfort, Overall Discomfort Rating and Rapid Entire Body Assessment scale. The aid found to be effective in reducing physiological stress among the selected subjects. However, there is a need to conduct more trials on larger sample and on more activities, to recommend the AID.ThesisItem Restricted Assessing Organizational Deception in Interpersonal Communication using Information Manipulation Theory (IMT)(PAU, 2013) Mittal, Ritu; Randhawa, VarinderThe study was conducted to test the applicability of Information Manipulation Theory (IMT) in Indian context, prevalence of deception inorganizations and the reasons thereof. Survey design was used to collect information from the faculty of PAU by presenting violated stimulus material measuring four dimensions of message manipulation i.e. quantity, quality, relevance and manner to test the claims of the theory. All the violations were perceived as deceptive. Hence, the study proved that IMT theory is applicable in Indian context. Quality violation was perceived as most deceptive while quantity violation was perceived asleast deceptive form of information manipulation. Prevalence of deception was explored in respect of personal and academic purposes. For both the purposes, quantity violation (2.99) was found to be most widely prevalent followed by relevance (2.70), manner (2.49) and quality (2.48) violation.Overall deception mean (2.67) showed that faculty sometimes violates the information for varied purposes. Quality violation which was perceived as most deceptive was reportedly least prevalent while, quantity violation which was perceived as least deceptive was found to be the most prevalent form of deceptive communication. Reasons for violation were studied under three subheads i.e. personal factors, social factors and organizational factors. Among personal factors pleasing high- ups came out as prominent reason for deception followed by lack of skill, personality and home- work interface. Among social factors, maintaining social relationships emerged as foremost reason followed by unharmonious relationship, history of reciprocity, social undermining and apprehensions about misuse of information. Regarding organizational factors, unhealthy competition came out as foremost reason for deception followed by role conflict, organizational reward system, organizational climate and organization system. Among personal, social and organizational factors, organizational factors (2.79) were reported as the prominent factor followed by personal (2.76) and social factors (2.63). Hence, information manipulation is widel y prevalent even in academic community and the prominent reasons emerged to be rganizational factors. It can therefore, be inferred that organization must take measures to reduce sycophancy, minimize role conflict, streamline reward system and promote healthy work environment for improving overall organizational output and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Simulation of Anasazi ceramic patterns for designing printed tunics(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Garcha, Jagriti Kaur; Saini, Harminder KaurThe investigation entitled “Simulation of Anasazi ceramic patterns for designing printed tunics” was carried out in Ludhiana city. Forty patterns of Anasazi ceramics were collected through secondary sources out of which thirty patterns were selected to be used for simulation. These selected Anasazi patterns were used for developing 15 designs of tunics with two variations of each through CAD. An interview schedule was prepared for the purpose of collecting data from 90 college going girls between the age group of 18-22 years, selected randomly from three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results pertaining to the preferences of the respondents regarding developed designs shows that tunic designs A1, B1, C2, D1, E1, F1, G1, H1, I1, K1, J2, L1, M1, N1 and O1 with first rank were selected out of two variations of each design. Out of 15 selected first ranked designs of tunics, design F1 was most preferred with mean score of 11.18 and was given first rank. Design M1, A1, L1 and G1 were given second, third, fourth and fifth rank with mean score of 9.88, 9.71, 8.95 and 8.74, respectively. Silk fabric was most preferred by the respondents with mean score of 3.67 followed by crepe with the mean score of 2.61. Selected tunic designs were printed using screens and stencils. Printed tunics were then constructed using measurements of 36” size dress form. Developed tunic designs were evaluated by sub sample of 30 respondents on the basis of design, fabric type, silhouette and overall appearance. It was found that tunic design A1 was given first rank on the basis of all the parameters. Majority of the respondents rated the prepared tunics as very good. The largest percentage of the respondents considers the quoted price of tunics as ‘adequate’.ThesisItem Restricted Designing of one piece dresses from used jeans(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Jasleen Kaur; Mahajan, SurabhiThe present investigation was undertaken to study the reutilization of old jeans for making one piece dresses. The study was conducted on the college going girls in three different colleges of Punjab Agricultural University. An interview schedule was used for collecting data from ninety respondents regarding the preferences for the silhouettes and embellishments of one piece dresses to be prepared from used jeans. The results of the investigation were interpreted using percentages, mean scores and chi-square. The results of the collected data revealed that most preferred silhouette types were shirt, wrap, a-line, sheath and princess line. Printing and trimmings were the most preferred embellishment type to be placed on neck and waist. Majority of respondents preferred white, pink, light purple, light green and black as the colour of the embellishment. Fifteen designs were developed using most preferred silhouettes, type, colour and placement of embellishments in CorelDraw X7. Five most preferred designs by the experts were selected and constructed. The constructed dresses were evaluated by the respondents on the basis of their overall appearance on a five point scale. Most of the respondents considered the prepared dresses as excellent and very good. Maximum number of respondents liked the idea of reutilization of jeans for making one piece dresses. Also, majority of the respondents considered the estimated price of the dresses as adequate. An effort was also made to assess the market price of prepared one piece dresses and the result showed that all the constructed one piece dresses were saleable within a selling price range `1000-1800.ThesisItem Restricted ROLE OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVES IN EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN OF LUDHIANA DISTRICT(Punjab Agricultural University, 2012) Kochar, Gagandeep; sukhjeet KaurThe present study entitled ―Role of Diary Co-operatives in Empowerment of Rural Women of Ludhiana District‖ was undertaken to study the profile of Women Dairy Cooperative Society (WDCS) and its members, participation of women in functioning of Women Dairy Cooperative Society, empowerment of women through Women Dairy Cooperative Societies and problems faced by members of Women Dairy Cooperative Society.The list of Dairy Co-operative Societies run by women in Ludhiana District was collected from Verka milk plant (Milkfed, Punjab). A sample of 150 members was selected through proportionate random sampling technique. Thus the study was carried out on 40 WDCS and 150 members of Women Dairy Cooperative Societies. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule. The study revealed that the large proportion of the WDCS i.e. 52.50 per cent was formed during the year 1986-95. All the WDCS had extension contacts with Verka Milkfed agency and veterinary doctors. The findings of the study also indicated that large majority of 80 per cent members of WDCS attended training courses/camps organized by Verka Milkfed (Ludhiana) followed by 58 per cent members who attended demonstrations. Findings further revealed that participation of members of WDCS in dairy management practices was not so much high. There was improvement in economic resources of the family, women‘s own development, decision making capacity regarding education and marriage of children and participation in social activities. Members of dairy cooperative societies faced maximum problems regarding irregularity in holding meetings, arranging and managing the meetings and lack of guidance and services due to inappropriate dairy-extension personal.ThesisItem Open Access Occupational Health Hazards Faced By Unskilled Women Working At Construction Site(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2012) Karuna Bharara; pushpinderPresent study was conducted with an objective to study work and working conditions, extent of occupational health hazards faced thereof and to develop and implement an educational intervention for ensuring same of women engaged as unskilled labourers at construction sites in Ludhiana city. Survey was conducted on randomly selected 80 such women using both objective and subjective research tools. Result revealed that their attire was hazardous as they wore synthetic sarees, unstable headgear and no shoe ware. All were engaged in unskilled work: load carriers, sorting and washing bricking or mixing concrete cement. There were no facilities for child care and refreshments at work site, no privacy to pass urine, and faced gender-biased issues too. Major risk factors perceived by them were: uneven and muddy ground, unsupported and steep ladders, and obstructed pathways, polluted air and water, noise, unhygienic and stinking surroundings. They perceived repetitive and strenuous nature of job, hazardous workplace and bad work posture also risk factors along with lack of medical facilities and safety measures. Incidences of Sun burn, sun stroke, dehydration, cough/chest infection, sore throat, skin allergies, boils, stomach ailments, contagious diseases, musculoskeletal disorders (repetitive strain injury, cramps, cervical and low back pain); and reproductive hazards (UTI, miscarriage and premature deliveries) were also high. Respondents reported skin abrasion, falls, slips, trips, crushing and pinching of body parts, burns, sprains, cuts, bleeds and swelling of body parts in recent past. Extent of occupational hazards was perceived to be very severe in the areas of work, worker and work place.
