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ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and molecular profiling of interspecific derivatives of Cicer arietinum L. x C. pinnatifidum(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Salaria, Sonia; Bindra, ShaylaIn the present investigation, a set of 158 interspecific derivatives, derived from Bushy Mutant x ILWC 0 (C. pinnatifidum) cross were evaluated along with their parents during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the derivatives for all the traits studied. Various superior derivatives were identified for different traits. GLWP 142 was found to be promising for seed yield per plant. High to moderate heritability and genetic advance was observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant and 100-seed weight. These traits also exhibited significant positive correlations with the seed yield per plant implying their importance in selection for high seed yield per plant. Path analysis revealed significant positive direct effects of number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod and biological yield per plant towards seed yield while the indirect effects for various traits were prominent via biological yield. D2 analysis grouped 158 derivatives and their parents into 13 clusters. Only one derivative (GLWP 55) was found resistant and 45 derivatives were found moderately resistant to Ascochyta Blight. None of the resistant derivative was found for Botrytis Grey Mould while 24 derivatives gave moderately resistant reaction. The genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis identified 1409 polymorphic SNP markers. Graphical genotyping confirmed the introgressions of varying degree in derivatives from wild parent ILWC 0 (C. pinnatifidum). Single marker analysis identified seven SNP markers linked to Botrytis Grey Mould which could be further utilised for its mapping. The promising derivatives identified for yield and its component traits along with the disease resistance can be utilized in further chickpea breeding programmes for development of high yielding cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular-genetic characterization of irradiated „B‟ genome introgression lines of Brassica napus(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Kaushal, Swas; Indu RialchBrassica napus introgression lines (ILs), with B-genome segments from Brassica carinata irradiated with gamma irradiations were assessed genetically for extent of introgression and phenotypically for both determinate inflorescence and pod shatter resistance. GMATA software was used to develop set of B-genome specific primers from the B-genome specific regions in the introgressed B. napus .Genotyping with B-genome-specific SSRs allowed the identification and delineation of substituted B-genome chromosome fragments on recipient A- and C- genome chromosomes of B. napus. Some introgression lines contain one or two fragments of the B-genome chromosome spread across different chromosomes. Size of the substituted B-genome fragment varied from 0.36 Mbp (C8, IL 5) to 7.74 Mbp (A10, IL 3). In terms of proportions, the substituted segments ranged between 5.6 % (C6, IL 2) to almost 33.3 % (A9, IL 22) of the actual size of the recipient A-/C-genome chromosomes. Bchromatin substitutions were interstitial only in a few instances while they were terminal in most of the ILs. Determinacy had a great impact on the flowering habits by shortening the flowering phase and days to maturity in irradiated B. napus introgression lines. Assessment of morphological data indicated a relatively earlier onset of flower termination in determinate genotypes as compared to indeterminate commercial cultivars. The early maturing ILs were IL13 (111 days), IL68 (119days), IL 46 (121days) and IL 54 (122days) whereas introgression lines with high pod shatter energy were IL28 (6.4 mJ), IL29 (5.8 mJ), IL69 (7.5 mJ) and IL78 (6.7mJ). Introgression lines with determinate habit of plant growth and high pod shatter energy appeared to be very promising germplasm tools for future breeding.ThesisItem Open Access Association mapping for Ascochyta blight, Botrytis grey mould and yield contributing traits in a Reference Set of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Aiswarya S. Kumar; Sarvjeet SinghEvaluation and exploitation of genetic diversity is crucial for crop improvement programmes for the efficient utilization of potential genetic sources for desirable traits. The chickpea Reference Set comprising 288 accessions used in this study, constituted by ICRISAT, Patancheru, represents the diverse global composite collection of chickpea and is a reliable source for diversity. The present study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and Laboratories of Pulses Section, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab during rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experimental material was evaluated for resistance against Ascochyta blight and Botrytis grey mould diseases, yield and yield contributing traits to identify potential donors and identify associated QTLs under north Indian conditions using association mapping. The yield and contributing traits were evaluated under two phosphorus levels; Low-P (no phosphorus application) and High-P (40 kg/ha P2O5) for two consecutive years in Alpha Lattice design using two replications. One genotype ICC 1915 having high level of resistance to Ascochyta blight and one genotype ICC 6579 having moderate level of resistance to Botrytis grey mould were identified as promising donors for respective diseases. Days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and biological yield showed high to moderate levels of broad sense heritability and genetic advance, implying high response to selection. The traits namely number of secondary branches, number of pods, biological yield and seed yield can be effectively used for selection under low-P regime. Significant and positive correlations were observed between seed yield and these contributing traits. Genotypes namely ICC 5639, ICC 7413, ICC 11584, ICC 13357, ICC 9590, ICC 2072 and ICC 4418 were identified as phosphorus use efficient based on their better performance for yield and yield contributing traits under Low-P compared to high-P conditions. However, association studies failed to establish any Marker Trait Associations (MTAs) for disease resistance and yield contributing traits.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of inbred lines and their hybrids in maize for protein quality and β-carotene(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Harpreet Kaur; Gill, Gurjit KaurMaize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop for livestock, feed and nutrition, worldwide. Sixty hybrid combinations of maize were generated through Line x Tester mating design using fifteen lines of LM13 versions and four testers of LM14 versions as parental material along with two standard checks PMH1 and HQPM to study combining ability, heterosis and Genotype x Environment interactions. The parents, hybrids were evaluated along with two standard checks during kharif 2018 and spring 2019 at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur. Data for eight agronomic and five biochemical parameters were recorded. The mean sum of square due to year, location, genotype, parents, crosses and parents vs crosses for all agronomic traits were significant except days to maturity as well as for all biochemical traits except starch content. Among female line 13CLO-6, 13CLO-14, 13CLO-15 and 13CLO-16 were good combiner for ear length, ear girth, yield per plot, 1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Among the testers, 14CLO-1 and 14CLO-3 were found good combiner for all yield and yield contributing traits. For biochemical traits, line 13CLO-5 was good combiner for tryptophan, starch and oil content,13CLO-15 was good combiner for protein and β- carotene content. Tester 14CLO-3 was good combiner for tryptophan and β- carotene. Among crosses viz., (L9 X T2, L12 X T2, L14 X T3, L4 X T4, L8 X T4 and L13 X T4) were having significantly better specific combining ability effects for days to maturity, ear length, ear girth, yield per plot,1000 kernel weight and shelling %. Crosses viz., (L1 X T1, L6 X T2, L3 X T4, L14 X T2, L11 X T3 and T8 X T4) were also significantly better specific combiner for biochemical traits like protein, tryptophan and β- carotene contents. Top five crosses were (13CLO-3 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-14 X 14CLO-3, 13CLO-15 X 14CLO-4, 13CLO-6 X 14CLO-2 and 13CLO-2 X 14CLO-4) having significant and desirable SCA effects and heterosis for most of the traits indicating potential to exploit hybrid vigour for breeding programme. All the converted lines, testers and hybrids showed the presence of crtRB1 and o2 genes at 543 bp band and 150 bp band respectively. The validity of the results promises that the hybrids generated are nutritionally enriched.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for popping traits and kernel size in maize(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhdeep Kaur; Rakshit, SujayPopping traits play an important role in the utilization of popcorn. In this study, the F8 RILs population derived from HKI PC4B (Popcorn) × CML 269 (Normal corn) was characterized for seed and popping traits, and sufficient genetic variability was observed in the RILs and the parents for target traits. The best performing RIL(s) in specific environments like RL4, RL51, RL73 were identified using AMMI analysis. A few RILs were found to be superior to those of parents representing their possible use in popcorn breeding. QTL mapping (CIM algorithms) identified a total of 15 QTLs. Out of these QTLs, five QTLs for traits TW, PEV, PPand FV were mapped consistently across the environments on chr 3, 5, 6 and 9, respectively (R2 16.60 – 29.50 %). A total of 10 QTLs identified were environment specific. Two QTLs each for TW, PEV, PP; one QTL for FV were reported on chr 1, 2, 4, 7and 8, respectively. Based on the average values of the traits, three more QTLs were identified for PP, FV and PEV on chr 3 and 1 (R2 4.71 – 11.06 %). MetaQTL approach integrated QTLs from the earlier studies using BioMercator v4.2. A total of 10 metaQTLs were identified and 229 genes were shortlisted in these regions on expression basis (nineteen genes selected using KEGG pathways). The four metaQTLs were considered important for popping traits having 5-8 QTLs clustered in regions. The QTLs for PEV (two) and seven metaQTLs for traits PP, TW, PEV, FS were observed at chr 1, earlier also QTLs and metaQTLs were reported on chr 1. Therefore considered as an important region in enhancement of popping traitsThesisItem Open Access Characterization of mungbean mutant lines for YMD resistance and key agronomic traits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Mandahal, Kamalpreet Singh; Bains, T. S.The present study was undertaken to evaluate mungbean mutant lines for key agronomic traits and yellow mosaic disease (YMD) resistance across different seasons i.e. summer and kharif and for the identification of putative genes for YMD resistance in these lines. The experimental material consisted of 21 mutant lines developed from irradiation of seeds of mungbean varieties SML 668, SML 832 and TMB 37. A wide range of variability was observed for plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield, economical yield and harvest index. MML 2637 and MML 2664 were identified as best mutant lines for summer season, while MML 2593 and MML 2664 were identified as best mutant linesfor kharif seasons respectively. MML 2629 and MML 2664 showed potential as dual season lines. All the mutants were highly resistant to YMD. Further, QTLs/genes/markers for Begomovirus resistance were used to identify homologous accessions on mungbean genome. On prediction of protein domains of these accessions, most common motifs were found as NB-ARC, TIR, RdRP and SGS3. A set of 48 primers specific for RdRP and SGS3 gene families were designed and validated to amplify complete coding sequences in resistant mutant and susceptible parent. The presence/absence and sequence polymorphism indicated possible role of these two genes in confering YMD resistance in mungbean.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of advance breeding lines for morphophysiological traits and bacterial blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sumuni, Simeo Marco; Mangat, G.S.The present study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and its Regional Research Station at Patiala during Kharif 2019 to evaluate a set of 43 advance breeding lines of rice developed from diverse crosses for various yield attributes and quality traits in different agro climatic zones of the Punjab state. These were also screened for resistance to different pathotypes of bacterial blight (BB). The breeding lines showed significant variation for various agro-morphological, yield, quality attributes viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), ear bearing tillers (EBT) /m2 , grain yield per plot, thousand grain weight (g), SPAD Value, spikelet fertility (%), harvest index, total rice recovery (%), head rice recovery (%) and chalkiness (%) as well as reaction to BB. On overall basis, genotypes PAU 6707-33-6-1-1-1-3, PAU 6998-110-3-1, PAU 6522-23-2-1-1-2, PAU 6554-1-1-1-2-3, PAU 6231-49-1-4-2-1, PAU 6994-90-3-1 and PAU 6251-6-1-3-3-1 performed better over both the locations. The genotype PAU 6707-33-6-1-1-1-3 had the highest average yield. It is early maturing, semi dwarf with good tillering ability, high SPAD value, high spikelet fertility along with desirable quality traits. It is resistant to all ten pathotypes of BB presently prevalent in the Punjab state and possesses three BB resistant genes Xa4, xa13 and Xa21.The breeding lines were also characterized for known bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa4, Xa5, xa13 and Xa21) using molecular markers. A total of 37 genotypes, out of 43 genotypes tested were completely resistant to all the ten pathotypes (PbXo-1 to PbXo-10).Out of the 43 lines tested, 12 and 22 lines showed presence of three and two gene combination, respectively. Eight lines showed presence of single gene while one line (PAU 5285-23-1-2) showed none of the known gene tested. Among the three gene combination presence of Xa4+xa13+Xa21 and for two gene combination presence of xa13+Xa21 was most prevalent. None of the lines showed all the four genes tested in combination. The study was thus useful in identifying new high yielding, BB resistant genotypes of varying maturity with acceptable grain quality suitable for Punjab conditions. The molecular characterization of these lines indicated that the genotypes carrying 2 or 3 pyramided BB resistance genes would provide durable resistance.ThesisItem Restricted Development and validation of diagnostic markers for alpha amylase genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Bhavjot Kaur; Mavi, G.S.Heat stress is becoming an increasingly severe constraint in wheat production. Alpha-amylase is one of the most significant enzymes among the number of enzymes responsible for energy source during the seed germination and mobilization of sugars to the developing seeds. This investigation aimed at studying the possible role of the expression of Alpha-amylase gene copies in imparting heat stress tolerance during grain filling stage. Out of the 36 known gene copies of alpha amylase in wheat, a gene copy on 7D has been found to show the highest gene expression than normal under heat stress during grain filling stage by retrieving the gene expression data from expression databases (Wheatexp and pulling out ESTs) during grain filling stage in different plant tissues. A set of 8 contrasting genotypes for heat stress tolerance and susceptibility, out of which four tolerant (Sunstar, Prulla, IC252874, T64) and four susceptible lines (Redfife, STW598874, Salembo, HeinesPeko) were selected on the basis of two years data related to the phenotypic traits. The SNP calling of 36 copies from the sequencing data obtained from Pacbio sequencing showed the presence of cultivar specific SNPs and group-specific SNPs. The three KASP assays were developed for the contrasting SNPs at the exonic regions of the chromosome 7D in heat tolerant and susceptible lines. However, validation of markers on a DH population with one parent other than the sequenced genotypes (Sunstar (heat tolerant) × PBW343 (heat susceptible)), showed no polymorphism indicating the absence of universal SNPs on the chromosome 7D in the heat tolerant and susceptible lines.ThesisItem Open Access Allele mining of TFL1 gene for stem growth habit in urdbean(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Lovejit Singh; Ashok KumarOne hundred urdbean genotypes collected from different sources were grown in 10x10 simple lattice design at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur in Spring 2019 to evaluate flowering duration, stem growth habit and identify allelic variants in Terminal Flower 1 (TFL1) gene. The ANOVA revealed significant variability (p<0.01) for all the studied traits at both locations. The degree of indetermination of pod maturity and plant height observed high PCV, GCV, broad sense heritability (H2) and genetic advance as percentage of mean (GAM) indicating that careful selection can be done for early maturing urdbean genotypes with less increase in plant height from first flower and first pod maturity to 90% pod maturity, making plant effective for partitioning of assimilates towards reproductive growth instead of vegetative growth. Branches per plant, yield per plant and harvest index also observed high H2 coupled with GAM. TFL1 homologue gene was identified in available genome sequence of V. mungo variety Mash114. Primers were designed to amplify and sequence TFL1 gene in Mash114, a determinate line (dt) and IC530625, an indeterminate line (Dt). After contig assembly, 4 exons and 3 introns were predicted like the reference V. radiata acc.VC1973A. There were 27 intronic SNPs and 5 exonic SNPs contributing to 17 transitions and 15 transversions. IC530625 (Dt) possessed 5 exonic SNPs while Mash114 had no exonic SNP. Two of these SNPs contributed for non-synonymous radical amino acid substitution (Met Thr and Glu Lys). Based on SIFT analysis, Met Thr substitution was found to be tolerant, whereas Glu Lys conversion was found to be deleterious and affecting the protein function. This SNP based allele could be a candidate SNP for indeterminate growth habit.
