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ThesisItem Restricted Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Karthik, K P; Gill, Karan Bir SinghThe present investigation entitled “Morphological and Physico-chemical characterization of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana lamk.) germplasm in Punjab” was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh, Patiala, Punjab, during 2019-2020. The study had two objectives viz. Morphological and physico-chemical characterization of ber germplam in Punjab and to assess the genetic diversity within 27 genotypes of ber in Punjab. From an already established ber orchard the study was conducted. Throughout its different growth phases different observations were recorded year round, which include tree characters, foliar characters, floral characters, fruit and stone characters. Genotypic variance (42.15) and phenotypic variance (0.02) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for stone width (0.02) and (0.03). Genotypic coefficient of variation (50.39) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (53.97) was found higher for fruit weight and lowest for leaf length (11.00) and (11.92). Heritability was found maximum for fruit weight (88.16 %), while minimum heritability was found for stone length (63.64 %). Per cent genetic advance was found maximum for fruit weight (97.46 %), while minimum for stone length (20.26 %). Highest positive genotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.955), highest negative correlation was found between leaf length and fruit weight (-0.391).Highest positive phenotypic correlation was found between fruit width and fruit weight (0.831), highest negative correlation was found between fruit length and leaf length (-0.366). Path coefficient analysis revealed that the indirect effect of stone length through fruit length on fruit weight was recorded highest (0.4643), while indirect effect of stone weight on fruit weight through stone width (-0.2470) was recorded lowest. Based on diversity analysis all the cultivars can be grouped into three clusters but for biochemical data the genotypes under study are divided into two clusters, considering the similarities between the genotypes with respect to biochemical attributes .ThesisItem Open Access Anatomical aspects of fruit drop in mandarin cv. Kinnow (C. nobilis Loureiro X C. deliciosa Tenore)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sidakmeet Singh; Gupta, MonikaThe present study entitled “ Anatomical aspects of fruit drop in mandarin cv. Kinnow (C. nobilis Loureiro X C. deliciosa Tenore) was conducted in the College Orchard and laboratories, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2019-2020. It consisted of two experiments, viz., to study the anatomical and biochemical dynamics occur during fruit drop and to evaluate new chemicals for effective control of fruit drop in Kinnow mandarin. The length, girth and weight of fruit stalk, total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and minerals were recorded to be significantly higher in non-abscised fruits as compared to the stalk of abscised fruits in May and October during the year 2019. Lower activity of cell wall degrading enzymes was recorded in non-abscised fruit stalks as compared to abscised fruit stalks. Absence of abscission zone, thick xylem vessels and reduced pith were observed in the sections of nonabscised fruit stalks; probably are the reasons for healthy fruit stalks in non-abscised fruits. Foliar application with different combinations of fungicides and plant growth regulators were given to the trees to reduce the fruit drop and increase the fruit yield. Fruit set per cent was found to be non-significant among different treatments. According to periodic fruit drop data, it was found to be maximum in the month of May followed by in June. The foliar application of 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.1% Azoxystrobin (18.2%)+Difenoconazole (11.4%) was found to be significantly superior to reduce the fruit drop and increase the fruit yield and to improve other quality parameters (TSS, acidity, vitamin C, flavonoids, phenols and C/N ratio). Maximum fruit weight (185.10 g/fruit), length (6.59 cm) and diameter (7.36) were observed in the fruits picked from trees given the foliar spray of 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.2% Carbendazin (12%)+Mancozeb(63%). Thus, it may be concluded that treatment with 10 ppm 2,4-D sodium salt and 0.1% Azoxystrobin (18.2%)+Difenoconazole (11.4%) was the most effective in controlling the fruit drop and enhance the fruit quality in Kinnow mandarin.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Hydrogen cyanamide and Hexanal on maturity and quality in grape cv. Flame Seedless(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jeevan Jyoti; Gagandeep KaurThe investigation was carried out during the year 2019 on 14 year old grapevines to study the “Effect of Hydrogen cyanamide and Hexanal on maturity and quality in grape cv. Flame Seedless” at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%) was applied just after pruning when the vines were under dormant condition. Two superimposed sprays of hexanal formulation (1.5, 2 & 2.5%) were given 30 and 15 days prior to the time of harvesting. Bunch thinning was followed in all the treatments where 75-80 bunches were retained at time of bunch emergence except control. Effect of hydrogen cyanamide and hexanal formulation was evaluated in combination with girdling (done at the pea stage of berry) and ethephon (400 ppm), sprayed at the veraison stage of berry development. Results showed that hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%) advanced the bud burst, flowering and ripening by 25, 17 and 8 days respectively as compared to control. However, earliest ripening (by 9 days) was induced in the clusters treated with hydrogen cyanamide @ 1.5 % + ethephon @ 400ppm. Uniform color development with maximum TSS (18.7%), total sugars (16.86%), anthocyanins (48.45mg/l), juice pH (3.68) and minimum acid content (0.55%) was observed in berries treated with hydrogen cyanamide in combination with ethephon. Also, hydrogen cyanamide increased the bud content of IAA and GA3 on each date of sampling relative to untreated buds. Hexanal application @ 2 % or 2.5% along with hydrogen cyanamide adjudged as the best pre-harvest treatment in retaining the berry firmness whereas ethephon treatment reduced the firmness of berry. Foliar spray of hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%)+ Hexanal 2.5 % +girdling significantly improved the average yield (28.39 Kg/ vine) and quality of grape clusters viz. bunch weight (368.54 g), bunch size (24.56 cm × 14.45 cm) and berry weight (2.83 g), and TSS: acid ratio (30.00). However the results of hexanal dose 2.5 and 2.0 per cent were at par for these parameters, thus hydrogen cyanamide (1.5%)+ Hexanal 2.0 % +girdling was found to be best for inducing earliness in grapes without compromising the quality of berries.ThesisItem Restricted Post harvest treatments for enhancing storage life of guava cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Dhillon, Amanpal Singh; Brar, J. S.The guava (Psidium guajava L.) is highly perishable fruit and to extend post harvest life and fresh fruit market, the present investigations were carried out to explore the potential of guava storage under cold and ambient conditions using wax coatings and LDPE packing. Physiological mature fruits were subjected to treatments of beeswax (2.5% and 5.0%) and carnauba wax (3.0% and 6.0%) alone and in combination with LDPE packing. Treated fruits were placed in CFB boxes and stored under cold (6-8oC temperature and 90-95 % RH) as well as at ambient conditions for 25 and 15 days, respectively. The fruits were analyzed for various physiological and biochemical parameters at 3 and 5 days interval under ambient and cold conditions, respectively. All the treatments exhibited potential to maintain the post harvest life of fruits as compared to untreated fruits under both the storage conditions. However, the fruits coated with beeswax 5% + LDPE packing maintained the fruit firmness, reduced the physiological loss in fruit weight and fruit spoilage significantly. The pectin methyletrase (PME) activity was also restricted significantly with the same treatment. The quality parameters such as TSS, acidity, total phenols, pectin content and palatability rating was also highest in the treatment of beeswax 5% + LDPE packing. While, the carnauba wax 6% + LDPE also proved equally effective in maintaining higher level of total and reducing sugars under cold storage conditions. Beeswax 5 % + LDPE packing sustained the fruit quality for 20 and 9 days as compared to 5 and 3 days under cold and ambient storage in untreated fruits, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and nutraceutical characterization of guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Pankaj Kumar; Gill, M.I.S.Nine guava genotypes were categorized under three groups i.e. white fleshed, pink fleshed and red skinned which were evaluated for their morpho-physiological and nutraceutical parameters. White fleshed genotypes had higher fruit diameter and fruit weight than other genotypes, with maximum values observed in Punjab Safeda (8cm and 244g respectively). Core diameter was minimum in Punjab Pink (4.07cm) and maximum in Punjab Apple Guava (5.53cm), whereas Punjab Safeda and Lalima had maximum pulp thickness (1.63cm). Lalit had highest seed number per fruit (507) and seed weight per fruit (5.78g), while 100 seed weight was maximum in Lalima (1.53g). Total soluble solids ranged from 7.77 percent in Lalima to 11.27 percent in AC 1-4. The TSS: acidity ratio as well as juice pH were higher in Allahabad Safeda (21.3 and 5.35 respectively) than other genotypes. Regarding nutraceutical parameters, white fleshed genotype Punjab Safeda had maximum ascorbic acid (178.99 mg/100g pulp) and total phenols content (170.30mg/100g fw), while pink fleshed genotypes had minimum ascorbic acid and total phenols content. Carotenoids were maximum in Punjab Safeda (0.45mg/100g fw) and minimum in Lalima (0.32 mg/100g fw). While, flavonoids and anthocyanins were maximum in the red skinned genotypes. Flavonoids content was maximum in Punjab Apple Guava (115.48 mg/100g fw) and the anthocyanins content was maximum in AC 1-4 (65.77 mg/100g fw) as compared to other genotypes. Regarding enzymatic activities, Polyphenol oxidase activity was found to be non-significant in all the genotypes. Peroxidase activity was maximum in Lalit and minimum in Punjab Kiran. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme activity was found maximum in white fleshed genotypes, with maximum value observed in Punjab Safeda. Total antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH assay was maximum in red skinned genotypes, followed by white fleshed and pink fleshed genotypes. Punjab Appla Guava had highest total antioxidant activity (71.11%). The antioxidant activity had significant correlation with ascorbic acid (r=0.92) and anthocyanins content (r=0.802). Red skinned genotype namely Punjab Apple Guava had highest nutraceuticlal potential and can be promoted for commercial cultivation among the fruit growers.ThesisItem Open Access Nutraceautical and physico-chemical composition of mandarin fruits during development.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Jaspreet Singh; Chahal, Tanjeet SinghThe present studies were conducted at Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar, Department of Fruit Science and Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2019-20 on three mandarin varieties viz. Kinnow, W Murcott and Daisy. The physico-chemical parameters like fruit size, weight, juice content, moisture content, TSS, TSS/acid ratio, carotenoids and sugars were recorded maximum at final stage of harvesting whereas titratable acidity presented a declining array from first to final stage of fruit harvesting. Seed size of fruit increased while peel thickness decreased with fruit development but no particular trend was observed for specific gravity of fruit. Color of fruit juice, peel and pulp improved with fruit maturity. Vitamin C and total flavonoid content varied from 24.23 to 42.11 mg/100ml and 2.08 to 7.57 mg (RE) g-1 respectively, and found highest in mid-sampling stages. Peel of mandarins consisted of greater antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content as compared to pulp of fruits. In peel and pulp, antioxidant activity declined during fruit development. Pectin was increased substantially with relation to fruit maturity, however, limonin was registered highest at mid stage of sampling. Irrespective of stages, peel and seeds were the rich source of pectin and limonin, respectively. Kinnow was found highly suitable variety for table purpose utilisation as it contained higher antioxidants along with different internal quality attributes such as TSS, sugars etc. However, fruits of W Murcott and Daisy were also good source of different types of antioxidants at young and mid stage of fruit development, respectively. During this study, leaves of mandarin varieties contained higher concentration of nutrients than the peel and pulp. Different nutrients exhibited a specific pattern during fruit growth and development.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of edible surface coatings on storage behavior of mango fruit cv. Dusehri(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Mshora, Abubakar Mashaka; Gill, P.P.S.The present study entitled “Effect of edible surface coatings on storage behavior of mango fruit cv. Dusehri” was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2018. The mature and uniform fruits were harvested in the month of July and thoroughly washed, sanitized, dried up in shade and afterwards coated with Aloe vera gel 50%, Aloe vera gel 100%, beeswax 1.5%, beeswax 3.0%, chitosan 0.5%, chitosan 1.0% and control treatment (uncoated fruits). The fruits were placed in CFB (5% ventilation) boxes and subsequently stored at cold room (10 ºC±1 and 90-95% RH). The fruits were analyzed after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. Physiological loss weight in mango fruits decreased with storage however, fruits treated with beeswax 3.0% recorded significantly lower physiological loss in weight as compared to other treatments. Likewise, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, and vitamin C showed decreasing tendency with increase in storage period. Total soluble solids (TSS), colour changes, - carotenoids and sugars were increased progressively up to 28th day of cold storage. Fruit sensory quality rating was increased up to 21 days except in control fruits where the sensory quality increased up to 14 days followed by decline up to 28th day of storage. The enzymatic (Cellulase, amylase and polygalacturonase) activities were increased up to 14th day followed by decline up to 28th day of storage. During cold storage, beeswax 3.0% was found to be most effective in extending the storage life mango fruit cv. Dusehri with acceptable quality of fruits during the entire storage period.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different mulches on weed management and growth parameters of guava nursery plants(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Parminder Singh; Kang, Kirandeep KaurThe present investigation to study the effect of different combinations of organic (paddy straw mulch and coco mulch mats) and inorganic mulches (biodegradable polythene mulch, black and silver polythene mulch and black and green polypropylene woven mats) on the weed control efficacy, health and productivity of nursery plants was conducted during the year 2018-19. The studies clearly revealed that black and green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch were very effective in suppressing the weed growth as the weeds did not appeared even after 240 days of application. Weed biomass of 0.6 g/m2 was recorded in black polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch after 300 days as compared to 42.5 g/m2 in control.The biodegradable mulch started degrading after 120 days of application and recorded a weed biomass of 5.3g/m2 at this stage. The chemical, nutritional and soil microbial properties improved with the application of organic mulches. Black polypropylene woven mats resulted in 2-3 per cent higher soil temperature during winters and maintained 1.5-2 percent higher moisture content during the month of May-June. Among the plant growth parameters, maximum plant height (47.51 cm) was recorded under green polypropylene woven mats and stem diameter (1.47 cm) was recorded under black polypropylene woven mats as compared to other mulching treatments. The plots mulched with black polypropylene woven mats resulted in highest B: C ratio (0.95) closely followed by green polypropylene woven mats in combination with paddy straw mulch (0.91) while the lowest B: C ratio was observed under the control plots. From the study, it was concluded that, the polypropylene woven weed mats can be applied in the guava nursery plots to control the weed growth effectively as well as to enhance the percentage of buddable seedlings.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of plant bio-regulators on growth, yield and quality of pear cvs. "Patharnakh‟ and "Punjab Beauty‟(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Shubhkiran Kaur; Gill, Mandeep SinghThe present investigation entitled “Effect of plant bio-regulators on growth, yield and quality of pear cvs. „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟” was conducted at Fruit Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2018-19. Eight years old pear cvs. „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ plants trained on the Y-trellis training system were treated with three plant bio-regulators of varying concentrations viz. Pro-Ca (prohexadione calcium)@ 100 mg Lˉ¹ (T1), 200 mg Lˉ¹ (T2), 400 mg Lˉ¹(T3); CCC (chlomequat chloride)@ 250 mg Lˉ¹ (T4), 500 mg Lˉ¹ (T5), 1000 mg Lˉ¹ (T6); PBZ (paclobutrazol) @ 100 mg Lˉ¹ (T7), 250 mg Lˉ¹ (T8), 500 mg Lˉ¹ (T9) and water spray (T10) after 10 days of full bloom through foliar application. Evaluation of data recorded for growth, ecophysiology, fruit yield and quality parameters was done. All the treatments significantly reduced the vegetative growth of pear plants. TCSA (trunk cross-sectional area) of pear plants was significantly reduced by T9 and T3 treatments in „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear, respectively. Shoot length was reduced by 31.11 % and 17.63 % by treatments T3 and T2 in cvs.. „Patharnakh‟ and Punjab Beauty‟, respectively, along with the significant increase in shoot diameter. T3 treatment significantly reduced the internodal length and spur length was significantly decreased by the T9 and T3 treatments in „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear, respectively. Plant bio-regulator treatments reduced the leaf area of „Patharnakh‟ and „Punjab Beauty‟ pear by 17.15 % and 23.73 %. Pruning wood weight (PWW) was decreased as a result of reduced shoot length and number of shoots. Ecophysiological parameters viz. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) and net photosynthesis rate were improved significantly throughout the season. Deduction in canopy size led to improved light penetration and hence, higher photosynthesis. Leaf total chlorophyll (FW) and spur carbohydrate content were enhanced by T3 treatment in both the cultivars. The plant bio-regulator treatment T3 increased fruit number, size and weight contributing to improved yield (up to 36.56 % in „Patharnakh‟ and 33.84 % in „Punjab Beauty‟ pear) and production efficiency. Pedicels of pear fruits were shortened and thickened by T3 treatment in „Patharnakh‟ and by T2 treatment in „Punjab Beauty‟ pear. Fruit firmness, TSS and reducing sugars were significantly improved while the effect on fruit titratable acidity was insignificant. Lowest leaf nitrogen content and highest leaf phosphorus and potassium were recorded in T3 treatment. Pro-Ca@400 mg Lˉ¹ could be considered as best in terms of growth control and improvement in yield, PAR and net photosynthesis rate as well as fruit quality.
