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ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Mehtab Singh; Rattanpal, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of sweet orange varieties; Campbell Valencia, Kodur Sathgudi, M-3, M-4, M-8, Olinda Valencia, Phule Mosambi, Trovita, Valencia late, Vernia and Westin were thoroughly washed and graded into two equal lots A and B. Lot A was kept as a control (without the application of any treatment), whereas fruits in lot B were treated with Citrashine wax coating and potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions (Temp. 13-25 ˚C) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. PLW of fruits increased with storage; however, fruits treated with potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax recorded significantly lower PLW. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars, total sugars showed increasing trend with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS:acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of fruits with acceptable quality fruits for 14 days of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bachittar Singh; Harminder SinghThe present studies entitled “Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings” was carried out during the years 2017 and 2018 at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Peach plants of cv. Shan-i- Punjab were planted during January, 2015 at six different spacings i.e. 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 1.5m and 6.0m x 6.0m. The trees planted at 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m spacings were trained to „Central Leader‟ training system, the trees planted at 6.0m x 1.5m were trained to „Y‟-shaped system and those planted at 6.0m x 6.0m spacing were trained to „Modified Leader‟ training system. Vegetative and reproductive growth in terms of tree girth, tree spread, canopy volume, shoot length, chlorophyll content, flower bud density and fruit yield was maximum in 6.0m x 6.0m planted trees followed by trees planted at 6.0m x 3.0m distance. Fruits harvested from 6.0m x 6.0m, 6.0m x 3.0m and 6.0m x 1.5m planted trees were superior in fruit quality (fruit size, weight, grade, colour, TSS and acidity) and matured earlier than other spacings. The radiation interception and penetration in the upper and lower parts of the tree canopy was maximum in 6.0m x 1.5m followed by 6.0m x 6.0m and 6.0m x 3.0m planted trees.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Varinder; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of mandarin varieties; Daisy, Darjeeling mandarin, Fortune, Fremont, Khasi mandarin, Kinnow, Mudhkhed seedless, Nagpur mandarin, Okitsu wase and W Murcott were coated with Citrashine wax, and Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. Among different genotypes Kinnow, Daisy, Mudhkhed and Fortune has been found to be promising to retain the fruit physical parameters up to 21 days under ambient conditions of storage. The highest retention in colour parameters was observed in Mudhkhed and Nagpur. The highest organoleptic rating was observed in Daisy followed by Kinnow. The maximum retention in TSS was recorded in Okitsu wase whereas acidity was retained by Daisy. However, minimum change in TSS: acid ratio was noticed in Kinnow. Maximum retention of vitamin C content was recorded in Darjeeling. The W Murcott, Okitsu wase and Darjeeling were found to be more effective in retention of fruit sugar content. The maximum retention of flavonoid content was recorded in Nagpur. Physiological weight loss of fruits increased with prolongation of storage interval. However, mandarin fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly lower physiological weight loss up to 21 days of storage under ambient conditions. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars and total sugars reported to be increased with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS: acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits; however, fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly less decline as compared to other treatments. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of mandarin fruits with acceptable quality up to 21 days of storage.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allabad Safeda.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manjeet Rani; Gagandeep KaurThe present investigations entitled “Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda.” were conducted in the experimental orchard of Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during the year 2017-18. The study was laid out by randomized block design with 3 replications and 9 treatments. In the present investigation the guava trees were treated with different treatment combination of vermicompost, FYM and biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB). Significantly higher fungal population (36 × 10³ CFU/g of soil), Azospirillium population (52 × 104 CFU/g of soil), PSB population (49 × 104 CFU/g of soil) and Soil dehydrogenase activity (4.20 µg TPF /g of soil/hr) was observed in the treatment having Vermicompost + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) 60 days after the application of biofertilizers. The combination of Vermicompost (30 kg/ Plant) + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) improved physico-chemical and biological properties of soil (available soil and leaf nutrients, counts of microbes) and found to be most effective to produce better fruit quality and tree characteristics i.e. fruit weight, fruit size, TSS, total sugars, ascorbic acid and tree height, spread, stem girth days from flowering to fruit harvest. Also the yield was statistically at par with that recorded in T9 (control; recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers).ThesisItem Restricted Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sunaiana; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm” was carried out during 2016-17 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Eight sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) genotypes were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative characters based on IPGRI descriptors. These genotypes were studied for vegetative characters (tree and leaf), flowers, fruits and seed characters. Scion trunk surface, tree shape, branch angle, shoot tip surface, shoot tip colour, vegetative life cycle, leaf division, intensity of green colour, leaf lamina attachment were similar for all the genotypes. Variability was recorded among quantitative characters. Maximum rootstock diameter, leaf lamina length and width were recorded in Kodour Sathgudi (126.29 mm), Shamouti (124.51 mm and 77.71 mm) respectively. Pollen viability was maximum in Mosambi (77.17 %) followed by Phule Mosambi (68.94%) and M-4 (58.23%). Bold seed number per fruit was recorded minimum in Blood Red (7.00) followed by M-8 (9.00) and Phule Mosambi (14.25). The main flowering season was ambe bahar (March) and longest flowering duration was recorded in Phule Mosambi (31 days). Fruit count per tree was recorded highest in M-4 (164) followed by Phule Mosambi (158). Fruit yield was recorded maximum in M-4 (28.66 kg/tree) followed by Phule Mosambi (26.10 Kg/tree) and Blood Red (25.40 Kg/tree). Juice percentage was highest in M-4 (43.60%). TSS:acid ratio was highest in Mosambi (28.74) followed by Phule Mosambi (23.12). Dendrogram illustrating genetic relationship among eight sweet orange genotypes was generated based on morphological traits and genotypes were clustered into Cluster-I (M4), Cluster-II (Mosambi, M-8 and Phule Mosambi) and Cluster III (Kodour Sathgudi, M-3, Shamouti and Blood Red).On the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters M-4 and Phule Mosambi could be suitable cultivars for cultivation under Punjab conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Narpinderjit Kaur; Bons, Harsimrat K.The present investigation entitled "Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti" was carried out at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during the year 2016-17. Eight year’s old uniformly grown Kalipatti sapota plants planted at 9×9 m spacing were sprayed with plant growth regulators NAA @ 50, 75, 100 & 125 ppm and GA3 @ 25, 50, 75 & 100 ppm except water spray and control in the month of May, August and September during flowering and at pea stage. Field data on flowering per shoot, pollen viability, fruit set, fruit drop and fruit retention were recorded. Sapota fruits were also analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Among all the spraying treatments, NAA @ 125 ppm in the month of August resulted in maximum fruit set (87.27%), fruit retention (91.20%) and minimum fruit drop (8.80%). Maximum fruit size was recorded in NAA @ 125 ppm but fruit length and fruit diameter of different treatments showed statistically non- significant results. Significant increase in fruit weight (88.33 g), fruit firmness (4.01 kg/cm2), pulp weight (70.55 g), yield (37.13 kg/tree), TSS (22.20 %), reducing sugars (9.44%), total sugars (14.39 %) and significant decrease in titrable acidity (0.16%) were recorded in the plants sprayed with NAA @ 125 ppm. Lower number of seeds per fruit and minimum seed weight (g) was recorded in NAA @ 75 ppm. Significant decrease in seed length (cm) and seed diameter (cm) was recorded in NAA @ 50 ppm treatment. However, significantly higher ascorbic acid content (8.81 mg/100g pulp) was recorded in plants sprayed with GA3 @ 100ppm as compared to control and NAA treatments. From the present studies, it is concluded that foliar application of NAA @ 125 ppm during flowering and pea stage resulted in higher fruit set per cent and improvement in quality and yield of sapota cv. KalipattiThesisItem Open Access Effect of different chemicals on crop regulation in guava cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jobanjit Singh; Boora, Rajbir SinghThe present investigation was carried out at PAU, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during 2016-17 to study the effect of different chemicals and their time of application on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and days to fruit harvest. The treatments were NAA (400, 500 and 600 ppm), ethrel (1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm), urea 10%, manual bud removal and control applied on 30th April and 15th May. The maximum flower drop in rainy season was recorded with ethrel 2500 ppm followed by NAA 600 ppm and minimum in control. The mean per cent fruit set varied from 0.00 to 84.38 per cent in MBR and control, respectively. The foliar application of urea was less effective as compared to NAA and ethrel for fruit thinning in rainy season crop. First time of spray was found more effective as compared to second spray. Maximum numbers of days to fruit harvest were taken in control followed by urea, whereas the fruit harvesting was advanced by 42 days in MBR. In winter season, the mean fruit yield varied from 13.86 to 42.98 kg/plant in control and MBR, respectively. Among various chemical treatments, maximum fruit yield in winter season crop was recorded in NAA 600 ppm which was at par with ethrel 2500 ppm while minimum value was recorded in plants treated with urea 10 per cent. All the chemical treatments variably regulated the rainy season crop.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of photo-selective coverings on physiology and growth of citrus nursery plants under protected conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harmanjeet Singh; Thakur, AnirudhThe present investigations entitled “Effect of photo-selective coverings on physiology and growth of citrus nursery plants under protected conditions” was carried out during 2016 -2017 in the Citrus Nursery, College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The effect of five photo-selective coverings viz. white, silver, green, red and stainless steel net house along with open (control) was studied on the growth of rough lemon and Carrizo citrange rootstock seedlings. Further, the effect of these shade nets house was also studied on Kinnow and Daisy mandarin plants budded on rough lemon and Carrizo citrange seedlings, respectively. The white shade net resulted in better seedling height of the rough lemon and Carrizo citrange seedlings as compared to the other growing conditions. In both rough lemon and Carrizo citrange rootstocks, the highest stem diameter was recorded under open conditions followed by red shade net house. In both the rootstocks, maximum improvement in growth attributes viz. leaf area, number of leaves per plant and root shoot ratio along with photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance was recorded under red shade net house. In comparison to open conditions, lower maximum temperature, relative humidity and canopy temperature were recorded under the shade net houses during the hot summer months. However, maximum light intensity and PAR interception was recorded under open conditions. Leaves of rough lemon and Carrizo citrange show higher N, P and K content under red shade nets. In both the rootstocks, maximum proportion of buddable seedlings was recorded under open conditions. Highest budding success (86 and 68.67% in rough lemon and Carrizo citrange, respectively) was recorded under red shade net house followed by white shade net (83.67 and 62% in rough lemon and Carrizo citrange, respectively). The different growing conditions had no significant effect on the sprout length of Kinnow mandarin under different growing conditions. However, in Daisy mandarin the highest sprout length was observed under red shade net followed by green shade net and open conditions, respectively. It was concluded that white shade net proved to be better for increasing plant height of the citrus rootstocks followed by the red shade net. The improvement in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and relative humidity; reductions in air and canopy temperatures demonstrates the potential of red shade net over the other shade nets and open conditions in citrus nursery production.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of surface coatings on storage life and quality of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) fruits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaskirat Singh; Jawandha, S. K.The present investigations entitled “Effect of surface coatings on storage life and quality of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) fruits” was carried out during 2017 in the Postharvest laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Mature light green, uniform and healthy fruits of winter crop of Baramasi lemon cv. PAU Baramasi lemon 1 were coated with the chitosan (0.25,0.50, 0.75 %), carboxymethyl cellulose (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 %) and Aloe vera gel (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 %). Coated fruits were stored under low temperature conditions (11±1°C, 90-95% RH) for 60 days. Fruits were analyzed after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days for various physico-chemical characters. Results revealed that physiological loss in weight (PLW), spoilage, total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars increased with the advancement of storage period. Whereas peel thickness, peel percentage and vitamin-C content showed a declining trend with the extension of storage period. Other parameters like juice percentage and titratable acidity (TA) showed an increasing trend during initial stage of storage, but at the end of storage a decline was observed. Chitosan @ 0.75 % was highly effective to extend the storage life of Baramasi lemon fruits (winter crop) under low temperature storage conditions. Chitosan @ 0.75 % maintained the acceptable quality of baramasi lemon fruits up-to 45 days at low temperature storage by reducing physiological loss in weight, spoilage and maintaining high peel thickness, peel content, juice content, TSS, acidity, vitamin- C content and sugars.
