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ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Mehtab Singh; Rattanpal, H. S.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of sweet orange varieties for storage characters” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of sweet orange varieties; Campbell Valencia, Kodur Sathgudi, M-3, M-4, M-8, Olinda Valencia, Phule Mosambi, Trovita, Valencia late, Vernia and Westin were thoroughly washed and graded into two equal lots A and B. Lot A was kept as a control (without the application of any treatment), whereas fruits in lot B were treated with Citrashine wax coating and potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions (Temp. 13-25 ˚C) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. PLW of fruits increased with storage; however, fruits treated with potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax recorded significantly lower PLW. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars, total sugars showed increasing trend with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS:acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, potassium sorbate along with Citrashine wax was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of fruits with acceptable quality fruits for 14 days of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Bachittar Singh; Harminder SinghThe present studies entitled “Effect of central leader training system on growth and productivity of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cv. Shan-i-Punjab at different spacings” was carried out during the years 2017 and 2018 at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Peach plants of cv. Shan-i- Punjab were planted during January, 2015 at six different spacings i.e. 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 1.5m and 6.0m x 6.0m. The trees planted at 4.5m x 3.0m, 4.5m x 2.5m, 6.0m x 3.0m, 6.0m x 2.5m spacings were trained to „Central Leader‟ training system, the trees planted at 6.0m x 1.5m were trained to „Y‟-shaped system and those planted at 6.0m x 6.0m spacing were trained to „Modified Leader‟ training system. Vegetative and reproductive growth in terms of tree girth, tree spread, canopy volume, shoot length, chlorophyll content, flower bud density and fruit yield was maximum in 6.0m x 6.0m planted trees followed by trees planted at 6.0m x 3.0m distance. Fruits harvested from 6.0m x 6.0m, 6.0m x 3.0m and 6.0m x 1.5m planted trees were superior in fruit quality (fruit size, weight, grade, colour, TSS and acidity) and matured earlier than other spacings. The radiation interception and penetration in the upper and lower parts of the tree canopy was maximum in 6.0m x 1.5m followed by 6.0m x 6.0m and 6.0m x 3.0m planted trees.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Varinder; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Evaluation of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties for storage characters under Punjab conditions” was carried out at Department of Fruit science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2017-18. The fresh fruits of mandarin varieties; Daisy, Darjeeling mandarin, Fortune, Fremont, Khasi mandarin, Kinnow, Mudhkhed seedless, Nagpur mandarin, Okitsu wase and W Murcott were coated with Citrashine wax, and Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate (60 g Potassium sorbate in 1000ml wax). The treated fruits were stored under ambient conditions for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes of standard size i.e. 45 x 23 x 18 cm. The observations on various physical and chemical parameters were recorded at different storage intervals. Among different genotypes Kinnow, Daisy, Mudhkhed and Fortune has been found to be promising to retain the fruit physical parameters up to 21 days under ambient conditions of storage. The highest retention in colour parameters was observed in Mudhkhed and Nagpur. The highest organoleptic rating was observed in Daisy followed by Kinnow. The maximum retention in TSS was recorded in Okitsu wase whereas acidity was retained by Daisy. However, minimum change in TSS: acid ratio was noticed in Kinnow. Maximum retention of vitamin C content was recorded in Darjeeling. The W Murcott, Okitsu wase and Darjeeling were found to be more effective in retention of fruit sugar content. The maximum retention of flavonoid content was recorded in Nagpur. Physiological weight loss of fruits increased with prolongation of storage interval. However, mandarin fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly lower physiological weight loss up to 21 days of storage under ambient conditions. Similarly, TSS, rag percentage, reducing sugars and total sugars reported to be increased with increase in storage period. Declining trend was observed in organoleptic rating, peel percentage, acidity, TSS: acid ratio, vitamin C, non-reducing sugars and flavonoid content of fruits; however, fruits treated with Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate recorded significantly less decline as compared to other treatments. Fruit colour and seed characters were not affected by treatments as well as storage. During ambient storage, Citrashine wax along with potassium sorbate was found to be most effective treatment in enhancing shelf life of mandarin fruits with acceptable quality up to 21 days of storage.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allabad Safeda.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Manjeet Rani; Gagandeep KaurThe present investigations entitled “Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and productivity of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda.” were conducted in the experimental orchard of Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during the year 2017-18. The study was laid out by randomized block design with 3 replications and 9 treatments. In the present investigation the guava trees were treated with different treatment combination of vermicompost, FYM and biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB). Significantly higher fungal population (36 × 10³ CFU/g of soil), Azospirillium population (52 × 104 CFU/g of soil), PSB population (49 × 104 CFU/g of soil) and Soil dehydrogenase activity (4.20 µg TPF /g of soil/hr) was observed in the treatment having Vermicompost + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) 60 days after the application of biofertilizers. The combination of Vermicompost (30 kg/ Plant) + Azospirillum @250 g/tree + PSB @250 g/tree (T4) improved physico-chemical and biological properties of soil (available soil and leaf nutrients, counts of microbes) and found to be most effective to produce better fruit quality and tree characteristics i.e. fruit weight, fruit size, TSS, total sugars, ascorbic acid and tree height, spread, stem girth days from flowering to fruit harvest. Also the yield was statistically at par with that recorded in T9 (control; recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers).
