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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their utilization in heterosis breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Om Prakash; Dhaliwal, M. S.A total of 17 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were evaluated under the low (E1 and E3) and the high (E2 and E4) temperature regimes of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Based on pollen sterility and pollen release score, 10 lines namely CMS4611A, CMS4614A, CMS4622A, CMS4624A, CMS4626A, CMS46213A, CMS463D2A, CMS463D13A, CMS463D14A and CMS463L5A have been identified as temperature stable. The lines showed normal fruit and seed setting ability under the open pollination conditions, and have commercially acceptable fruit traits. The marker analysis of three selected CMS A- and their respective CMS B-lines showed that the genome recovery of the recurrent parent in CMS4611A, CMS4626A and CMS463D13A was estimated to be 98.8, 98.9 and 96.6%, respectively. Three CMS lines and 20 potential restorer lines were evaluated in a Line × tester mating design to estimate combing ability and heterosis over the better parent and two standard checks over three environments viz. the early season (E1), the main season (E2) and the late season (E3). Over the environments, the estimates due to GCA lines, GCA testers and SCA crosses were significant for all the 15 plant growth, yield and quality traits, except due to GCA lines for number of primary branches plant-1. The magnitude of the additive variance (σ2A) was more than the non-additive variance (σ2D) for all the traits studied except for number of primary branches plant-1 in E2, E3, and across the three environments; and for plant height, plant spread and number of fruits plant-1 in E3. The CMS line CMS463D13A and the testers SL 475, IS 268, PP 402, FL 201 and C 142 were identified for use in breeding to develop high yielding genotypes with superior horticultural traits for early, main and late season environments. Hybrids were identified for different crop seasons and for different purposes. Pooled across the environments, the cross CMS463D13A × IS 268 was good specific combiner for total yield palnt-1, number of primary branches plant-1, fruit weight, number of seed fruit-1, capsaicin content and SHU, and involved good × good GCA parents. The maximum mean better parent heterosis over environments was exhibited for total yield plant-1 (35.29%), followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (17.96%), number of seed fruit-1 (12.46) and number of fruits plant-1 (11.43%). The crosses CMS463D13A × SL 475, CMS463D13A × VR 523, CMS463D13A × YL 581 and CMS463D13A × IS 268 performed consistently superior over environments in respect of per se and standard heterosis for total yield plant-1, fruit weight and fruit length, and CMS463D13A × SL 475 for total yield plant-1, capsaicin content and SHU. These crosses are recommended for multi-location testing.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sunaiana; Gupta, MonikaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on morphological characterization of sweet orange germplasm” was carried out during 2016-17 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Eight sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) genotypes were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative characters based on IPGRI descriptors. These genotypes were studied for vegetative characters (tree and leaf), flowers, fruits and seed characters. Scion trunk surface, tree shape, branch angle, shoot tip surface, shoot tip colour, vegetative life cycle, leaf division, intensity of green colour, leaf lamina attachment were similar for all the genotypes. Variability was recorded among quantitative characters. Maximum rootstock diameter, leaf lamina length and width were recorded in Kodour Sathgudi (126.29 mm), Shamouti (124.51 mm and 77.71 mm) respectively. Pollen viability was maximum in Mosambi (77.17 %) followed by Phule Mosambi (68.94%) and M-4 (58.23%). Bold seed number per fruit was recorded minimum in Blood Red (7.00) followed by M-8 (9.00) and Phule Mosambi (14.25). The main flowering season was ambe bahar (March) and longest flowering duration was recorded in Phule Mosambi (31 days). Fruit count per tree was recorded highest in M-4 (164) followed by Phule Mosambi (158). Fruit yield was recorded maximum in M-4 (28.66 kg/tree) followed by Phule Mosambi (26.10 Kg/tree) and Blood Red (25.40 Kg/tree). Juice percentage was highest in M-4 (43.60%). TSS:acid ratio was highest in Mosambi (28.74) followed by Phule Mosambi (23.12). Dendrogram illustrating genetic relationship among eight sweet orange genotypes was generated based on morphological traits and genotypes were clustered into Cluster-I (M4), Cluster-II (Mosambi, M-8 and Phule Mosambi) and Cluster III (Kodour Sathgudi, M-3, Shamouti and Blood Red).On the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters M-4 and Phule Mosambi could be suitable cultivars for cultivation under Punjab conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Narpinderjit Kaur; Bons, Harsimrat K.The present investigation entitled "Comparative efficacy of plant growth regulators on fruit set, yield and quality of sapota cv. Kalipatti" was carried out at Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during the year 2016-17. Eight year’s old uniformly grown Kalipatti sapota plants planted at 9×9 m spacing were sprayed with plant growth regulators NAA @ 50, 75, 100 & 125 ppm and GA3 @ 25, 50, 75 & 100 ppm except water spray and control in the month of May, August and September during flowering and at pea stage. Field data on flowering per shoot, pollen viability, fruit set, fruit drop and fruit retention were recorded. Sapota fruits were also analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Among all the spraying treatments, NAA @ 125 ppm in the month of August resulted in maximum fruit set (87.27%), fruit retention (91.20%) and minimum fruit drop (8.80%). Maximum fruit size was recorded in NAA @ 125 ppm but fruit length and fruit diameter of different treatments showed statistically non- significant results. Significant increase in fruit weight (88.33 g), fruit firmness (4.01 kg/cm2), pulp weight (70.55 g), yield (37.13 kg/tree), TSS (22.20 %), reducing sugars (9.44%), total sugars (14.39 %) and significant decrease in titrable acidity (0.16%) were recorded in the plants sprayed with NAA @ 125 ppm. Lower number of seeds per fruit and minimum seed weight (g) was recorded in NAA @ 75 ppm. Significant decrease in seed length (cm) and seed diameter (cm) was recorded in NAA @ 50 ppm treatment. However, significantly higher ascorbic acid content (8.81 mg/100g pulp) was recorded in plants sprayed with GA3 @ 100ppm as compared to control and NAA treatments. From the present studies, it is concluded that foliar application of NAA @ 125 ppm during flowering and pea stage resulted in higher fruit set per cent and improvement in quality and yield of sapota cv. KalipattiThesisItem Open Access Effect of different chemicals on crop regulation in guava cv. Shweta(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jobanjit Singh; Boora, Rajbir SinghThe present investigation was carried out at PAU, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh (Patiala) during 2016-17 to study the effect of different chemicals and their time of application on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and days to fruit harvest. The treatments were NAA (400, 500 and 600 ppm), ethrel (1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm), urea 10%, manual bud removal and control applied on 30th April and 15th May. The maximum flower drop in rainy season was recorded with ethrel 2500 ppm followed by NAA 600 ppm and minimum in control. The mean per cent fruit set varied from 0.00 to 84.38 per cent in MBR and control, respectively. The foliar application of urea was less effective as compared to NAA and ethrel for fruit thinning in rainy season crop. First time of spray was found more effective as compared to second spray. Maximum numbers of days to fruit harvest were taken in control followed by urea, whereas the fruit harvesting was advanced by 42 days in MBR. In winter season, the mean fruit yield varied from 13.86 to 42.98 kg/plant in control and MBR, respectively. Among various chemical treatments, maximum fruit yield in winter season crop was recorded in NAA 600 ppm which was at par with ethrel 2500 ppm while minimum value was recorded in plants treated with urea 10 per cent. All the chemical treatments variably regulated the rainy season crop.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of photo-selective coverings on physiology and growth of citrus nursery plants under protected conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harmanjeet Singh; Thakur, AnirudhThe present investigations entitled “Effect of photo-selective coverings on physiology and growth of citrus nursery plants under protected conditions” was carried out during 2016 -2017 in the Citrus Nursery, College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The effect of five photo-selective coverings viz. white, silver, green, red and stainless steel net house along with open (control) was studied on the growth of rough lemon and Carrizo citrange rootstock seedlings. Further, the effect of these shade nets house was also studied on Kinnow and Daisy mandarin plants budded on rough lemon and Carrizo citrange seedlings, respectively. The white shade net resulted in better seedling height of the rough lemon and Carrizo citrange seedlings as compared to the other growing conditions. In both rough lemon and Carrizo citrange rootstocks, the highest stem diameter was recorded under open conditions followed by red shade net house. In both the rootstocks, maximum improvement in growth attributes viz. leaf area, number of leaves per plant and root shoot ratio along with photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance was recorded under red shade net house. In comparison to open conditions, lower maximum temperature, relative humidity and canopy temperature were recorded under the shade net houses during the hot summer months. However, maximum light intensity and PAR interception was recorded under open conditions. Leaves of rough lemon and Carrizo citrange show higher N, P and K content under red shade nets. In both the rootstocks, maximum proportion of buddable seedlings was recorded under open conditions. Highest budding success (86 and 68.67% in rough lemon and Carrizo citrange, respectively) was recorded under red shade net house followed by white shade net (83.67 and 62% in rough lemon and Carrizo citrange, respectively). The different growing conditions had no significant effect on the sprout length of Kinnow mandarin under different growing conditions. However, in Daisy mandarin the highest sprout length was observed under red shade net followed by green shade net and open conditions, respectively. It was concluded that white shade net proved to be better for increasing plant height of the citrus rootstocks followed by the red shade net. The improvement in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and relative humidity; reductions in air and canopy temperatures demonstrates the potential of red shade net over the other shade nets and open conditions in citrus nursery production.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of surface coatings on storage life and quality of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) fruits(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaskirat Singh; Jawandha, S. K.The present investigations entitled “Effect of surface coatings on storage life and quality of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) fruits” was carried out during 2017 in the Postharvest laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Mature light green, uniform and healthy fruits of winter crop of Baramasi lemon cv. PAU Baramasi lemon 1 were coated with the chitosan (0.25,0.50, 0.75 %), carboxymethyl cellulose (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 %) and Aloe vera gel (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 %). Coated fruits were stored under low temperature conditions (11±1°C, 90-95% RH) for 60 days. Fruits were analyzed after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days for various physico-chemical characters. Results revealed that physiological loss in weight (PLW), spoilage, total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars increased with the advancement of storage period. Whereas peel thickness, peel percentage and vitamin-C content showed a declining trend with the extension of storage period. Other parameters like juice percentage and titratable acidity (TA) showed an increasing trend during initial stage of storage, but at the end of storage a decline was observed. Chitosan @ 0.75 % was highly effective to extend the storage life of Baramasi lemon fruits (winter crop) under low temperature storage conditions. Chitosan @ 0.75 % maintained the acceptable quality of baramasi lemon fruits up-to 45 days at low temperature storage by reducing physiological loss in weight, spoilage and maintaining high peel thickness, peel content, juice content, TSS, acidity, vitamin- C content and sugars.ThesisItem Open Access Changes in physico-chemical composition during fruit development and ripening in mango cv Dusehri(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ramandeep Kour; Gill, Mandeep SinghThe present investigation on ‘changes in physico-chemical composition during fruit development and ripening in mango cv. Dusehri’ was carried out at Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2016. Fruits were analysed for fruit size, fruit weight, stone size, stone weight, specific gravity, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing sugars and peel mineral contents at different fruit development stages. Various physical parameter of fruit increased with development of fruit from 35 DAFS to 95 DAFS with fruit length (4.24 cm-9.92 cm), fruit breadth (3.07 cm- 5.57 cm ) fruit thickness ( 3.37 cm- 5.56 cm) fruit weight ( 32.5 g-168.00 g ), specific gravity (0.973-1.032), stone length (7.53 cm-9.23 cm), stone breadth (1.64 cm-3.18 cm ), stone thickness (1.54 cm-1.92 cm) stone weight (19.55 cm -28.28 cm). Similarly, during the fruit development chemical characteristics of fruit increased i.e. TSS (6.33% -8.39%); however acidity decreased with the advancement of maturity and recorded as maximum at 35 DAFB and minimum at 95 DAFS. At maturity the relative order of content of macro and micro nutrient was Ca>K>Mg>N>P and Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu, respectively. In the second experiment effect of harvesting dates and ripening conditions on the ripening quality of Dusehri fruit has been investigated. The fruit were harvested at 101 DAFS ,106 DAFS, and 111 DAFS and then harvested fruit stored at 25°C in ripening chambers for ripening. Then fruit samples were analyzed after 72, 96 and 120 hr for physico chemical parameters. Significant variations were observed in quality characteristics with respect to harvest date, ripening time and their interaction .Fruit firmness and acidity were highest on 101 DAFS at the time of harvesting and reducing sugars were highest in fruit harvested on 111 DAFS after 120 h of storage. While sensory quality of fruits also increased with ripening and found maximum in fruit harvested on 106 DAFS after 120 h of storage. The weight loss, TSS, reducing sugars, β carotene also increased with increase in ripening hours and with delay in harvesting and found maximum at the end of ripening period . However, the luminosity of the pulp decreased with increase in ripening period and ‘a*’ value for pulp increased with development of redness of tissue. The fruit pulp develop yellowish colour during ripening period as evidenced by increase in value of ‘b*’.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of kinnow mandarin on different rootstocks(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Pandey, Kuldeep; Rattanpal, H.S.The present study entitled “Performance of Kinnow mandarin on different rootstocks” were carried out during 2016 and 2017 in the College Orchard and Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Ten rootstocks viz. Rough lemon, Carrizo citrange, Volkamer lemon, CRH-12, NRCC-1, NRCC-2, NRCC-3, NRCC-4, NRCC-5 and NRCC-6 were used to evaluate physio-morphological, fruit quality, productivity and leaf nutrient status of Kinnow mandarin. The variability was recorded among the rootstocks with respect to tree, fruit and flower characters. The maximum rootstock growth (39.2 %) was recorded in NRCC-5 whereas, it was minimum in CRH-12 (0.3 %). Rootstock to scion ratio was recorded maximum (1.3) on NRCC-4 and minimum on NRCC-1 (1.1). Maximum tree volume was recorded on Volkamer lemon (14.5 m3) and minimum was on NRCC-1 (7.2 m3). Carrizo was the earliest to come into full bloom period whereas, NRCC-5 was last to come into full bloom. Maximum yield efficiency was recorded on NRCC-1 (8.0 kg/m3) whereas, minimum was on NRCC-4 (5.4 kg/m3). Fruit yield per tree was maximum on Carrizo (103.8 kg/tree) and Minimum fruit yield per tree was recorded on CRH-12 (67.4 kg/tree). Maximum fruit weight was recorded on CRH-12 (216.5 g) and minimum on NRCC-2 (181.4 g). Maximum rind CCI was recorded on NRCC-5 (9.3) whereas, minimum was observed on Rough lemon (6.7). Maximum peel thickness was recorded on NRCC-2 (3.9 mm) and minimum was on NRCC-5 (3.2 mm). Maximum mean TSS content (11.3 oBrix) was recorded on NRCC-1. Minimum total soluble solids were recorded in fruits on NRCC-3 (9.3 °Brix). The highest titratable acidity (1.04 %) was recorded on CRH-12 and minimum was on Volkamer lemon (0.64 %). The maximum titratable acidity (1.04 %) was recorded on CRH-12 and minimum was on Volkamer lemon (0.64 %). foliar nitrogen content was recorded on Rough lemon (2.8 %) and foliar potassium content was on NRCC-2 (1.1 %).ThesisItem Restricted Effect of amino acids (Peptone) on fruit quality and productivity of peach cv. Florda Prince(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Manjot Kaur; Harminder SinghThe present investigations entitled “Effect of amino acids (Peptone) on fruit quality and productivity of peach cv. Florda Prince” were carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the years 2016 and 2017. The six year old peach trees of cv. Florda Prince were sprayed with 0.25 % and 0.50 % concentrations of amino acids (Peptone P1 023), 7 and 14 days after full bloom and the sprays were repeated after 15 and 30 days. All the amino acid treatments increased fruit growth, shoot growth and fruit retention and decreased fruit drop as compared to control during both the years. Fruit yield was found to be maximum (53.92 kg/tree) under double spray treatment of amino acids (@ 0.50 % applied 14 days after full bloom and 15 days later) and minimum in plants sprayed with triple spray of amino acids. Fruit maturity was advanced by 3-4 days by double spray treatments of amino acids whereas all the triple spray treatments delayed fruit maturity by 2 days as compared to control. The double spray treatments of amino acids improved all the fruit quality parameters (fruit size, fruit weight, fruit color, fruit firmness, TSS, acidity, TSS/acid ratio and total sugars) as compared to control and other treatments. Maximum foliar nitrogen, potassium and chlorophyll contents were recorded in the treatments which received triple sprays of amino acids and minimum was recorded in control plants.