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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their utilization in heterosis breeding(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Meena, Om Prakash; Dhaliwal, M. S.A total of 17 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were evaluated under the low (E1 and E3) and the high (E2 and E4) temperature regimes of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Based on pollen sterility and pollen release score, 10 lines namely CMS4611A, CMS4614A, CMS4622A, CMS4624A, CMS4626A, CMS46213A, CMS463D2A, CMS463D13A, CMS463D14A and CMS463L5A have been identified as temperature stable. The lines showed normal fruit and seed setting ability under the open pollination conditions, and have commercially acceptable fruit traits. The marker analysis of three selected CMS A- and their respective CMS B-lines showed that the genome recovery of the recurrent parent in CMS4611A, CMS4626A and CMS463D13A was estimated to be 98.8, 98.9 and 96.6%, respectively. Three CMS lines and 20 potential restorer lines were evaluated in a Line × tester mating design to estimate combing ability and heterosis over the better parent and two standard checks over three environments viz. the early season (E1), the main season (E2) and the late season (E3). Over the environments, the estimates due to GCA lines, GCA testers and SCA crosses were significant for all the 15 plant growth, yield and quality traits, except due to GCA lines for number of primary branches plant-1. The magnitude of the additive variance (σ2A) was more than the non-additive variance (σ2D) for all the traits studied except for number of primary branches plant-1 in E2, E3, and across the three environments; and for plant height, plant spread and number of fruits plant-1 in E3. The CMS line CMS463D13A and the testers SL 475, IS 268, PP 402, FL 201 and C 142 were identified for use in breeding to develop high yielding genotypes with superior horticultural traits for early, main and late season environments. Hybrids were identified for different crop seasons and for different purposes. Pooled across the environments, the cross CMS463D13A × IS 268 was good specific combiner for total yield palnt-1, number of primary branches plant-1, fruit weight, number of seed fruit-1, capsaicin content and SHU, and involved good × good GCA parents. The maximum mean better parent heterosis over environments was exhibited for total yield plant-1 (35.29%), followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (17.96%), number of seed fruit-1 (12.46) and number of fruits plant-1 (11.43%). The crosses CMS463D13A × SL 475, CMS463D13A × VR 523, CMS463D13A × YL 581 and CMS463D13A × IS 268 performed consistently superior over environments in respect of per se and standard heterosis for total yield plant-1, fruit weight and fruit length, and CMS463D13A × SL 475 for total yield plant-1, capsaicin content and SHU. These crosses are recommended for multi-location testing.ThesisItem Restricted Generation of linkage map and development of new hybrids for improved fruit colour in guava (Psidium guajava L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harjot Singh; Gill, M.I.S.The present study entitled “Generation of linkage map and development of new hybrids for improved fruit colour in guava (Psidium guajava L.)” was carried out during the years 2014 to 2016. The existing, eight F1 hybrids developed as a result of cross combinations involving Allahabad Safeda, CISH G-1, CISH G-4 (Shweta), Safri as female parents and CISH G-1, 1716, Malaysian guava, Allahabad Safeda, L-49 (Sardar Guava) as male parents were studied for their morphological and fruit physio-chemical characters. The new F1 hybrids were developed out of a cross combination Allahabad Safeda × Purple Guava, Allahabad Safeda × CISH G-1 and Allahabad Safeda × Seedless with the aim to improve fruit colour and their morphological characters were recorded. The existing hybrids and new hybrids were developed and maintained at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Morphological characters of guava hybrids were recorded on basis of UPOV descriptors. Vegetative characters were observed during growing season, followed by fruit characters. Among eight hybrids; the hybrid Allahabad Safeda × CISH G-1 had sub-globose fruits with deep pink flesh, maximum percent Total Soluble Solids (12.82), Juiciness (54.27) and anthocyanin reflective index (0.210). Intensity of anthocyanin was recorded maximum (0.266) in Purple Guava and minimum (0.014) in Allahabad Safeda. While, in the progeny of the cross Allahabad Safeda × Purple Guava, the anthocyanin intensity (0.214) was close to that of Purple Guava. A total of 30 polymorphic SSR markers were amplified on the 238 segregating F1 progeny plants of Allahabad Safeda × Purple Guava and 29 SSRs were mapped on 10 linkage groups with total map size of 345.63 cM. Linkage map was constructed by using MAPDISTO. A STS marker MdMYB10, linked to apple anthocyanin candidate gene was found polymorphic and it showed linkage with leaf anthocyanin content in guava also. Further enrichment of the linkage map will lead to the development of new markers for mapping traits of economic importance.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and molecular characterization of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) germplasm and F1 hybrids(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Uppal, Gurteg Singh; Aulakh, P. S.The present study entitled “Morphological and molecular characterization of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) germplasm and F1 hybrids” was conducted during years 2013 to 2015 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Nineteen mandarin genotypes grafted on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) rootstocks were evaluated for morphological characters based on IPGRI descriptors. The genetic diversity based on quantitative morphological characters of genotypes was assessed by using DARwin software. The dendrogram grouped all the genotypes into three major clusters irrespective of their geographical region indicating variation in morphological traits. Genetic variability and fingerprint profiles of mandarin genotypes were determined by using 60 SSR markers. Of the 57 SSR markers amplified, a total of 96 alleles were detected by 39 polymorphic SSR loci and maximum 5 alleles were observed with an average of 2.46 alleles per primer pair. The CAT01 was the highly informative marker as it revealed maximum number of alleles (5), PIC value (0.75) and genetic diversity (0.79). Twenty-six SSR markers revealed specific/unique alleles and identified nine genotypes including all the hybrids. Across the genotypes, maximum number of alleles (83) was detected in Daisy hybrid and the percentage of polymorphic marker was maximum (80.32) in Nova hybrid. The higher average expected heterozygosity (35.6%) with in a mandarin group as compared to the average observed heterozygosity (27.2%) may be explained by selfing, which reduced the proportion of heterozygotes. The dendrogram illustrating genetic relationship grouped all the indigenous genotypes (selections) in cluster-I and the exotic genotypes (hybrids) were grouped in cluster-II and cluster-III. The maximum genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.91 to 0.95 in cluster-I, however it ranged from 0.73 to 0.77 in cluster-II and III. CCSM170, CiBE6006, CMS31 and CiBE3397 markers were highly informative in identification of hybrid zygotic seedlings in F1 hybrids of different crosses viz., ‘Daisy x Kinnow’, ‘Kinnow x Daisy’, ‘W. Murcott x Kinnow’ and ‘Kinnow x W. Murcott’, respectively. Therefore, the set of microsatellites in the present study were successful in DNA fingerprinting, evaluating genetic diversity, and identification of genetic origin of seedlings in F1 hybrids of intra-specific crosses in mandarins.