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Status of trace elements and electrolytes in pregnancy induced hypertension and its effect on neonatal health
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Himlesh; Grover, Kiran
The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence and determinants of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) along with the effect of maternal status of trace elements and electrolytes on neonatal health in Punjab. The prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension was found to be 8.1 percent which was further observed as gestational hypertension (90%), preeclampsia (7.5%) and eclampsia (2.5%). The history of chronic hypertension (r=0.86), diabetes Mellitus (r=0.38), hypothyroidism (r=0.37), Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease (r=0.22) and family history of hypertension (r=0.22) was observed as the significant (p<0.05) determinants of pregnancy induced hypertension. The comparative assessment of trace elements and electrolytes between normotensive (n=30) and hypertensive antenatal subjects (n=30) conducted in Government Rajindra Hospital, Patiala revealed a significantly (p<0.05) higher mean Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure of hypertensive subjects. A significant difference in daily food intake and serum concentration of trace elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, copper and zinc) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) was also observed. The effectiveness of diet counseling was evaluated by selecting two groups of pregnancy induced hypertensive subjects i.e. Experimental (with diet counseling) and Control (without diet counseling). The diet counseling based on Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was provided to experimental group for 3 months at a regular interval of 15 days. The findings reported significantly lower Systolic ( 143.8±20.6 vs 150.7±11.4 mmHg) and Diastolic (93.5±3.9 vs 96.8±5.96 mmHg) Blood Pressure in experimental group. The counseling resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher mean intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products in experimental group. Further, the trace elements levels were also observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in experimental group with better neonatal outcome. Hence, nutrition and diet counseling should be provided to all the women of reproductive age group to manage the pregnancy related complications for better health of neonates.
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Optimization of low glycemic index meals for diabetic patients using key food ingredients
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Sharma, Vibhuti; Bains, Kiran
The present study was carried out to optimize low glycemic index meals for diabetic patients using key food ingredients. The dietary survey was carried out on 100 diabetic men and women in the age group of 40 to 60 years. The representative samples of a lunch meal of the subjects were collected to determine resistant, digestible and total starch, proximate principles, total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, and in vitro Glycemic Index (GI). Ten meal combinations were optimized by using key foods namely multigrain chapati, whole mungbean daal, spinach vegetable preparation, bottle gourd vegetable preparation curd and salad and nutritionally analyzed. Higher waist to hip ratio was observed in 63.4% of men and 59% of the selected diabetic men and women, whereas, 70.7 and 56.4% of men and women had Body Mass Index more than the cut off value of 23 kg/m2. The total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was high i.e. more than the cut-off values among 56.1, 65.9, 61.0, 56.1 and 63.4% of the selected diabetic men while the corresponding values for women were 35.9, 51.3, 41.0, 61.5 and 48.7% while 63.4% of men and 46.2% of women had lower HDL-C values. The representative meals of diabetic men and women were high in Glycemic Index (70.95) and Glycemic Load (53.47). High GI (GI: >70) meals were consumed by 71.5% of diabetics while 28.5% of them were consuming moderate GI meals (GI: 56-69). The meal combination comprising of multigrain chapati +whole mungbean daal + spinach vegetable preparation + curd + salad had the highest dietary fibre content, the values of insoluble, soluble and total dietary fibre being 16.56, 4.65 and 21.24g, respectively. The average blood glucose response at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the ingestion of this meal combination was 62.8, 63.3, 76.2mg/dL, respectively, the corresponding values for standard glucose were 79.8, 141.4, 147.0, 124.7 and 112.7 mg/d. The in vivo Glycemic Index of the optimized meal combination was 49.81 which was much lower than the habitual meals of the studied population. All other optimized combinations were also in the low Glycemic Index (GI) foods category (55 or less) with low Glycemic Load (10 or less), hence, offer meal choices to the diabetic patients and are culturally acceptable in terms of practices and preferences.
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Assessment of heavy metals in common foods and their health risk among adults and children of Ludhiana district of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Kharkwal, Vineeta; Bains, Kiran
The present study was conducted to determine the heavy metals in common foods and their health impact on the adults, elderly and children from selected 150 urban and rural households of Ludhiana and Bathinda districts of Punjab. Wheat Chapatis, cooked rice, cooked pulses, cooked vegetables, milk and water samples were collected from the selected households. Heavy metals viz. arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury were determined in the collected samples by ICP-MS. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk was calculated for adults, elderly and children of both genders from heavy metals in food samples. All the four heavy metals were within their permissible limits in all selected foods, milk and water. Except for the target hazard quotient (THQ) of cadmium in chapatis for the selected urban population of Ludhiana district, the THQ of arsenic, cadmium and lead was less than permissible level of 1 for all other foods consumed by the selected population of both the districts. Similarly, the Hazard Index (HI) from all the four metals was more than 1 for chapatis consumed by urban population of Ludhiana district. The selected urban population of Ludhiana district also had cancer risk from lead and cadmium present in chapatis, along with the combined effect of analysed heavy metals. The selected rural adult and elderly population and male children of Bathinda district had carcinogenic risk from arsenic and cadmium in chapatis. The urban male and female children of Ludhiana district had cancer risk from arsenic, whereas rural female children of the district had risk due to cadmium present in chapatis. The urban elderly females of Ludhiana district had carcinogenic risk from arsenic and cadmium present in cooked rice. The urban male and female children of Ludhiana district were also at risk from cadmium in cooked rice. The urban elderly males and female children were at cancer risk from the combined effect of heavy metals in cooked rice. The carcinogenic risk was also observed in urban male children of Ludhiana district from arsenic in cooked pulses. The cadmium in cooked vegetables increased the cancer risk in urban population, rural adults and children of Ludhiana district and urban and rural children of Bathinda district. In Bathinda district, rural adult males and females and urban female children district had cancer risk from arsenic in milk, whereas, rural male children had cancer risk from cadmium in milk. The rural population of Bathinda district was also at risk of developing cancer from arsenic and cadmium in water. Blood arsenic and lead levels of 10 and 20% adult males and 20 and 30% adult females of a selected urban area of Ludhiana district exceeded the prescribed limit of these heavy metals, respectively. The results concluded that wheat chapati consumption leads to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk among urban population of Ludhiana district. As heavy metals detected in food and water pose a serious health risk to the population of two prominent districts of Punjab, hence appropriate measures should be a top priority of the state to prevent accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain in order to safe guard the health of its people.
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Nutritional evaluation and health implication of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) based food products
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sewak, Aditi; Singla, Neerja
Due to immense focus on the virtues of nutri-cereals nowadays, in the present study an attempt was made to study the effect of various processing techniques namely soaking, blanching germination, roasting, puffing, decortication and milling on nutritional composition of pearl millet (FBC 16 and PCB 165) and sorghum (PSC 4) along with their health implications. Germination and puffing resulted in a significantly increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the protein, dietary fiber, in vitro digestibility of starch and protein along with higher amount of bioactive compounds (phenols by 49% and flavonoids by 12.1%) and retention of antioxidant activity. However, mineral content (Iron, Calcium and Zinc) of the selected grains was found to be significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced with processing techniques, while germination significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced their bioavailability. Amongst both varieties of pearl millet, variety FBC 16 was found to me more acceptable for preparation of health foods. Organoleptically, untreated pearl millet was most suitable for the preparation of salty biscuits (30%), pinni and chapatti (100%). Germinated pearl millet was found to be more suitable for high-fiber dalia (50%), gluten-free dalia (80%) and salad (100%), puffed sorghum was found to be best suitable for bun (15%) and gluten free mix (100%) preparation. The most acceptable combinations of high-fiber dalia, salad and bun were found to be in the category of low glycemic index (23.64-34.96) and medium glycemic load (11.82-17.48). Suitability of pearl millet FBC 16 and sorghum PSC 4 using appropriate processing techniques such as germination and puffing is recommended for use in the preparation of indigenous food products especially for diabetics and celiac disease patients.
Open Access
Optimization of nutritional & biochemical composition and development of health foods - A study of microgreens
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bhatt, Pooja; Sharma, Sonika
Microgreens (seedling of vegetable and herbs) are gaining popularity as a new culinary ingredient due to their high nutrient content. The present study optimizes the best combination of cultivation and harvesting to attain nutrient quality in four culinary microgreens belonging to different families. Results revealed that the best technique for optimization of nutrient composition was soaking the seeds overnight, outdoor cultivation and harvesting at an early stage (10th day). Based on NQS 7.1 broccoli microgreens were most nutrient dense microgreen followed by spinach microgreens. Microgreens contain significantly (p<0.05) higher nutrients and bioactive compounds as compared to their sprouts and mature counterparts. Just 100g of microgreens fulfilled more than 100% of Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) of minerals among Indian adults. Drying methods influenced the nutritional composition of the broccoli microgreen powder. β-carotene content (400.54ug/100g), total phenolic content (2645.88 mg GAE/100g) and flavonoids (673.82 mg QE/100g) of shade dried microgreens was significantly higher. A significant higher content of ascorbic acid (16.80 mg/100g), chlorophyll (3.63g/100g), antioxidant activity (67.55%) and all the minerals was reported in microwave dried microgreens. Further fresh microgreens,microgreen juice and powdered microgreens were incorporated in commonly consumed health foods in order to enhance their taste and nutritional composition. All the health products i.e. missi roti, cooked vegetable and dal, salads, juice blend, flavoured milk and food sprinkler supplemented with broccoli microgreens were organoleptic highly acceptable. In term of fresh broccoli microgreens supplementation, 25% in missi roti, 5 and 7.5% in cooked vegetable and dal, 30 and 40% in russian and tofu salad was highly accepted. Incorporation of fresh broccoli microgreen juice at 30% in juice blend and flavoured milk was highly acceptable. Powdered broccoli microgreens supplemented at 40 % of in regular spice mix was highly accepted. Overall nutritional composition in broccoli microgreens supplemented health foods had significantly (p<0.05) high content of vitamins C, β-carotene content and minerals namely calcium, zinc, iron, potassium and magnesium when compared to the control product.
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Association of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with metabolic syndrome among adults of Ludhiana district of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Poonam; Bains, Kiran
Association of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was assessed among urban and rural adult men and women of Ludhiana district. The screening of one thousand adult men and women (25-65 y) revealed that the prevalence of MetS was higher among rural men (34%) and women (26%) in comparison to urban men (7%) and women (10%). The anthropometric parameters of MetS subjects of urban and rural areas were more than the reference values with no significant difference in urban and rural subjects. A significantly higher total cholesterol (p=0.004), HDL-C (p=0.008), LDL-C (p=0.033) was observed in urban men in comparison to rural men. The rural MetS subjects had significantly (p≤0.001) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Red blood cells (RBC) fatty acids analysis showed that MUFAs namely palmitoleic acid (p≤0.001) and oleic acid (p=0.011) were significantly higher among the rural subjects. Omega-6 PUFA i.e. gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and omega-3 PUFA eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and docosapentanoic acid (DPA) were significantly (p=0.03) higher among urban subjects while omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA) was higher (p=0.014) in rural subjects. The dietary intake of omega 3 PUFA (ALA) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in summer (0.61 to 0.81g/d) in comparison to winter (0.88 to 1.09 g/d) season among men and women from both urban and rural areas and was much lesser than the recommended level of 1.6 and 1.1 g/d for men and women, respectively. Flaxseed enriched omega 3 PUFA rich products viz. Snack Mix, nachos and rusk were standardized. The omega 3 PUFA (ALA) content was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in three snack mix formulations (23.19 to 42.84mg/100g), nachos (22.66mg/100g) and rusks (42.17mg/100g) than the traditional Alsi pinni (5.80mg/100g). All the standardized products had shelf life of two months at ambient temperature. Supplementation of Roasted flaxseed powder (RFP) @10 g/day and flaxseed oil (FO) @ 1g/day for 12 weeks to MetS subjects resulted in a significant decrease (p≤0.001) in RBC omega 6 PUFA (GLA) and a significant (p≤0.05,0.001) increase in RBC omega 3 PUFA viz. ALA, EPA and DHA. The results showed that RFP is beneficial for MetS subjects in reducing both Fasting blood glucose (-7.79 %) and HbA1c (-4.16%) whereas, FO reduced only HbA1c by -5.9%. On the other hand, HDL-C increased by 13.16% with RFP supplementation and 15.9% by FO supplementation. So, flaxseed can be included in the daily diets of Punjabi population as it is a culturally accepted, locally grown and easily available food product which has the potential to reduce the growing incidence of MetS among Punjabi population.
Open Access
Impact of mid day meal scheme on household food security in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Priyanka; Grover, Kiran
The present study was undertaken to examine the various mid day meal practices in relation to nutritional adequacy and food safety measures in the government primary schools. The perception of families of mid day meal beneficiaries about mid day meal scheme and its impact on their household food security status in Punjab was also assessed. A total of 480 mid day meal beneficiaries (7-9 years) and their families were selected using multistage random sampling technique from the three agro-climatic regions (central plain, south-western and sub-mountain undulating region) of Punjab. For the purpose, 160 mid day meal beneficiaries were selected from 8 schools belonging to two blocks of each district (Ludhiana, Bathinda and Nawanshahr). Infrastructure of the selected schools in Punjab was found to be good and satisfactory practices were observed with regards to food safety and hygiene. The bacterial and fungal count in meal samples were in the safe range. The findings revealed that adequate food ingredients (99 g of wheat and rice and 21 g of pulses) per child were provided by the schools and energy (445 kcal) and protein (17g) content of the mid-day meals was also at par with the recommended guidelines. However, average daily food and nutrient intake was found to be inadequate as compared to the suggested dietary intake and estimated average requirement. Prevalence of thinness and underweight was observed to be more in boys than girls, however, girls were more stunted than boys. Prevalence of anaemia was found to be 26 per cent in the selected mid day meal beneficiaries. The results revealed that 61 per cent of the families were from the upper lower class and the prevalence of food insecurity was high at 77 per cent. Food insecure families had a relatively higher perception about the mid day meal scheme as compared to the food secure families. Family income, socio-economic class, food expenditure, food consumption and perception about the mid day meal scheme showed a significant impact on the household food security status. Prevalence of malnutrition (wasting, stunting and underweight) was observed to be higher among the children in the food insecure families. Household food security status was found to be increasing with the increase in the family size. The findings recommend a need to create awareness regarding the benefits of various programmes implemented by the Government to combat malnutrition and improve the household food security
Open Access
Study on the formulation and efficacy of nutrient dense ingredient mix for improvement of energy and iron status among women
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Seth, Kripa; Singla, Neerja
The present investigation was carried out to formulate a Nutrient Dense Ingredient Mix (NDIM) and to assess its efficacy in improving the energy and iron status of rural Punjabi women. After various organoleptic trials the most acceptable combination of NDIM with semolina (45g) , pearl millet (5g), whole green gram (10g), dried fenugreek leaves (10g), peanuts (10g), fat (15g) and other functional ingredients (5g) was selected, which was further subjected to nutritional evaluation. It was revealed that 100g of the cooked NDIM provided 437.4 Kcal of energy, 13.58g protein, 3.62mg iron, 42.39mg calcium, 0.92mg zinc and also had 69, 72 per cent of in vitro carbohydrate, protein digestibility respectively. To assess the shelf-life of the formulated mix, various parameters including free fatty acids (% oleic acid), peroxide value (mcq/kg), total viable count (cfu/g) and organoleptic acceptability were also determined. All these parameters showed a non-significant (p>0.05) change after 3 months of storage in air tight glass jars at ambient temperature. Furthermore, the efficacy of developed mix was tested on adult (18-50 years), undernourished (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) and anemic (Hb<12 g/dl) women. Sixty women from nearby villages of Ludhiana district were selected and equally divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was supplemented with 100 g of NDIM (the dose was decided based on the gap between energy, protein and iron intake and RDA of the Indian women received for the last 20 years) daily for 120 days along with nutrition education on a fortnightly basis whereas the subjects from the control group received no supplementation or nutrition education. Post intervention the adequacy of nutrients namely energy, protein and iron increased by16.9, 23.9, 16.8 per cent respectively among the experimental group subjects, resulting in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the nutritional indices of the selected subjects. The weight, BMI and hemoglobin of these subjects increased by 2.28 kg, 0.91kg/m2 and 0.68g/dl respectively. The pre and post assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) score of the control and experimental group depicted a significant (p<0.05) improvement in the scores of the experimental group. Thus, it can be concluded that the nutrition intervention in terms of supplementation along with nutrition education can be an effective tool in improving the nutritional status of undernourished women.
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Utilization of carrot pomace and germinated chickpea for development of soup mix for hyperlipidemic patients
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gaur, Supriya Singh; Navjot Kaur
Nine samples of soup mix were formulated using three varieties of carrot pomace powder (CPP) i.e. Punjab carrot red (PCR), Punjab black beauty (PBB) and PC-34 and one variety of germinated chickpea flour (GCF) i.e. L-552 that were supplemented at three different levels, i.e. S1 with 60 percent GCF and 20 percent CPP, S2 with 50 percent GCF and 30 percent CPP, S3 with 40 percent GCF and 40 percent CPP. The highly acceptable soup mix developed using 50 percent GCF and 30 percent CPP of Punjab carrot red variety was further analyzed for nutritional composition and supplemented to hyperlipidemic patients for a period of three months. To study the impact of supplementation, 60 hyperlipidemic patients (30-60 years), were selected from PAU Hospital and Delta Heart Centre, Ludhiana. The study was divided in two periods i.e. control period and experimental period. During the one month of control period, the subjects were observed without supplementation and during the experimental period, the subjects were supplemented with the 12 g of most acceptable developed soup mix in form of sachets on daily basis for a period of three months. Average daily nutrient intake showed a reduction in carbohydrates, i.e. 164.58 to 147.85 g/day and an increase in protein (45.13 to 53.05 g/day), dietary fibre (20 to 26.95 g/day) and β- carotene (5102.50 to 5535.83 µg/d). The anthropometric measurements of the subjects showed a significant reduction in weight and BMI by 3 percent. The body fat percentage decreased to 0.93 percent after experimental period. Lipid profile of the subjects revealed that total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol content decreased significantly to 4.51 and 8.24 percent whereas there was an increase observed in HDL cholesterol by 8.48 percent. VLDL and triglyceride content reduced to 4 percent. Atherogenic index of plasma was seen to be reduced by 7.57 percent. Haematological profile of subjects revealed haemoglobin, PCV, RBC and WBC levels to be 13.19mg/dl, 37.05 percent, 4.79 million mm3 and 7435 mm3, respectively after experimental period. A significant reduction (p<0.01) was observed in fasting blood glucose levels of subjects from 106.47 mg/dl during control period to 103.65 mg/dl during experimental period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure range reduced to 2.46 and 2.58 percent after supplementation of highly acceptable soup mix for a period of 3 months. Incorporation of carrot pomace with germinated chickpea seeds proved as an economical alternative in improving the lipid profile of hyperlipidemic subjects.

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