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ThesisItem Embargo Association of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with metabolic syndrome among adults of Ludhiana district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Poonam; Bains, KiranAssociation of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was assessed among urban and rural adult men and women of Ludhiana district. The screening of one thousand adult men and women (25-65 y) revealed that the prevalence of MetS was higher among rural men (34%) and women (26%) in comparison to urban men (7%) and women (10%). The anthropometric parameters of MetS subjects of urban and rural areas were more than the reference values with no significant difference in urban and rural subjects. A significantly higher total cholesterol (p=0.004), HDL-C (p=0.008), LDL-C (p=0.033) was observed in urban men in comparison to rural men. The rural MetS subjects had significantly (p≤0.001) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Red blood cells (RBC) fatty acids analysis showed that MUFAs namely palmitoleic acid (p≤0.001) and oleic acid (p=0.011) were significantly higher among the rural subjects. Omega-6 PUFA i.e. gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and omega-3 PUFA eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and docosapentanoic acid (DPA) were significantly (p=0.03) higher among urban subjects while omega-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA) was higher (p=0.014) in rural subjects. The dietary intake of omega 3 PUFA (ALA) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in summer (0.61 to 0.81g/d) in comparison to winter (0.88 to 1.09 g/d) season among men and women from both urban and rural areas and was much lesser than the recommended level of 1.6 and 1.1 g/d for men and women, respectively. Flaxseed enriched omega 3 PUFA rich products viz. Snack Mix, nachos and rusk were standardized. The omega 3 PUFA (ALA) content was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in three snack mix formulations (23.19 to 42.84mg/100g), nachos (22.66mg/100g) and rusks (42.17mg/100g) than the traditional Alsi pinni (5.80mg/100g). All the standardized products had shelf life of two months at ambient temperature. Supplementation of Roasted flaxseed powder (RFP) @10 g/day and flaxseed oil (FO) @ 1g/day for 12 weeks to MetS subjects resulted in a significant decrease (p≤0.001) in RBC omega 6 PUFA (GLA) and a significant (p≤0.05,0.001) increase in RBC omega 3 PUFA viz. ALA, EPA and DHA. The results showed that RFP is beneficial for MetS subjects in reducing both Fasting blood glucose (-7.79 %) and HbA1c (-4.16%) whereas, FO reduced only HbA1c by -5.9%. On the other hand, HDL-C increased by 13.16% with RFP supplementation and 15.9% by FO supplementation. So, flaxseed can be included in the daily diets of Punjabi population as it is a culturally accepted, locally grown and easily available food product which has the potential to reduce the growing incidence of MetS among Punjabi population.
