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Subject: Food Technology × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 ×
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    DEVELOPMENT OF INSTANT KHEER MIX USING EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY
    (2013) simta singla
    Extrusion technology was used to optimize the process for preparation of precooked rice granules for making instant kheer mix. Kheer is a traditional Indian dessert made from milk, sugar and rice. It generally takes long time for cooking. With this study, process to render this product instant was optimized. Effect of moisture (16-20%), screw speed (100-300rpm) and temperature (130-170⁰C) on bulk density (BD), Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI) and starch conversion (SC) was studied. BD, WAI and SC increased with increasing moisture. Increase in screw speed and temperature resulted in decrease in BD and increase in WAI, WSI and SC. Interactions of any two independent variables were also studied for any significant effect on any of the dependent variables. Interaction of feed moisture and screw speed was found to significantly affect BD and WAI in a positive manner. Process was optimized for minimum BD and maximum WSI and SC. The most suitable working conditions were found to be 17.7% moisture, 285-300 rpm screw speed and 170⁰C temperature. Further ratio of extrudate, Skimmed Milk powder (SMP) and sugar was standardized. The final mix contained extrudate, SMP and sugar in ratio 45:35:20, reconstitution was done in standardized milk at 80⁰C, with mix to milk ratio of 1:3. Storage studies were conducted for a period of three months. During the storage period, the mix was analyzed for its moisture content and overall acceptability at monthly intervals. Moisture showed slight increase by end of third month. Overall acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation decreased slightly during storage but remained within acceptable range.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PROCESS OPTIMIZATION FOR MILLING OF MOONG BEANS (Vigna radiata)
    (PAU, 2013) Silvy Gupta
    During the processing operation such as dehulling and splitting of moong beans, engineering properties are bound to change due to various pretreatments. So engineering properties like arithmetic diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, thousand grain weight, bulk density, true density, porosity, angle of repose, static coefficient of friction and compression loading behaviour of three varieties of moong beans i.e. SML 668, SML 832 and PAU 911 were evaluated at different moisture contents ranging from 3-25% (w.b.). Investigations were carried out to optimize the processing parameters for milling of moong beans. Processing parameters selected for optimization were blower speed and feed rate for cleaning, sieve size for grading and oil and water levels for secondary processing. Two mills i.e. horizontal type mini dal mill and CFTRI mini dal mill were used for the experiment. SML 832 variety was selected for the process of optimization. The moong beans were firstly cleaned taking different blower speeds i.e. 4.9, 6.5 and 8.8 m/s and different feed rates i.e. 4, 12 and 20 kg/min and cleaning efficiency and cleaning loss were taken as responses. Cleaning efficiency of moong beans was found maximum i.e. 99.90% and cleaning loss was minimum i.e. 0.1% at 6.5 m/s blower speed and 4 kg/min feed rate. Sieve sizes; 5/32” and 3/16” were found to be optimum for efficient separation of moong beans in two grades. For secondary processing, three oil and water levels selected were; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% and 15.16, 18.67 and 22.10% (w.b.), respectively and dehulling efficiency and degree of dehulling were taken as responses. The pretreatment levels were optimized using Historical Data Design (Response Surface Methodology). 0.21% oil level and 17.79% (w.b.) water level were the optimized pre-treatment levels at which maximum dehulling efficiency (78.5412%) and degree of dehulling (96.2142%) were obtained. These optimized conditions were adopted to compare different methods of milling and degree of dehulling, dehulling efficiency, dehulling index, percent broken and husk content were taken as responses. Method two i.e. alternate wetting and drying was found to yield better results in terms of degree of dehulling, dehulling index and percent broken.