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ThesisItem Unknown Development of Extruded Products from Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Lalmuanpuia, C.; Baljit SinghThe present research work was conducted to explore the utilization of glutinous rice for development of hot and cold extruded products. A screening experiment was conducted for comparison between glutinous and regular non-glutinous varieties of rice for their suitability of for development of hot and cold extruded products including snacks, porridge and pasta. Optimization of the most suitable selected variety for snacks and porridge is conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) at five central composite rotatable design. Experimental design with feed moisture (14-18%), screw speed (400-550 rpm) and barrel temperature (130-170°C) as independent variables produce 20 runs of combinations. The product responses obtained which includes specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density, expansion ratio, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and hardness were analysed using RSM to investigate the effect of varying processing conditions. The responses were significantly affected by changes in the processing condition. The optimised processing conditions for development of extruded snacks were 14 – 15.5 % feed moisture, 445 - 550 rpm screw speed at optimum barrel temperature of 1460C. And the optimised processing conditions for development of porridge were 14 – 14.8 % feed moisture, 470- 495 rpm screw speed at optimum barrel temperature of 1400C. Validation of the model and its adequacy in predicting optimum processing conditions was proven by comparing the predicted values of responses given by the model and the actual values obtained, which do not have variation more than 5% proving validity of the model. Glutinous rice based pasta with acceptable cooking quality can be produced by supplementation with xanthan gum (2%), vital gluten (6%) and pre-gelatinized flour from high amylose varieties (30%). The optimized extruded snacks and porridge were kept for storage studies and are found to be acceptable till the six months period. However, there were slight increase in moisture content, water activity, hardness and minute changes in the color of the stored samples. Glutinous rice containing low amylose resulted in superior expansion which is more desirable in expanded extruded snacks and porridge.ThesisItem Unknown Characterisation, Functionality and Quality Assessment of Protein Isolate/Hydrolysate from Pseudocereals(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gupta, Antima; Sharma, SavitaPseudocereals are nutrient dense crop, particularly, protein not only in term of quantity but quality as well. Due to anti-nutritional factor consumption of pseudocereals is comparatively less. Therefore, germination treatment has been given which identified in decreasing the anti-nutritional factor. In present study, amaranth (VL-Chuaa 44), white and red quinoa were germinated at different temperature and time conditions (25°, 30° and 35°C for 12, 24, and 36h, respectively). Germination positively influences the nutritional properties of pseudocereals. Functional properties like water absorption capacity, swelling power, gel consistency, paste clarity, freeze-thaw stability and least gelation concentration significantly (p<0.05) decreased with progressed germination conditions. Germination positively influences the oil absorption capacity, surface active properties and protein solubility. During germination increased level of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds were increased that further results in significant (p<0.05) increase in antioxidant activity. The anti-nutritional factor decreased by 60-65% after germination. Being rich in protein and low in anti-nutritional factor, make germinated grain a potential candidate to isolate protein. Protein from control and germinated pseudocereals was isolated at pH 10 and precipitated at pH 5 and 4 for amaranth and quinoa, respectively. Protein isolates had fair flowability and cohesiveness with the protein content of >82%. The isolated protein showed good functional properties, protein digestibility and thermal stability. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of albumins and globulins in protein isolated from pseudocereals. Morphology of freeze dried protein isolate was flaky and germinated protein isolate showed open structure. Protein isolate formed strong gel upon heat-induced gelation (Dyanamic Rheology). FT-IR spectra showed the presence of amide I and amide II region. Considerable stability of protein isolates were shown during storage at ambient conditions. Protein isolate can potentially be utilized as a functional ingredient in the preparation of speciality food at levels of 5 to 10 % and pseudocereal flour as a whole with additives.ThesisItem Restricted Processing, characterization and utilization of mustard meal as food ingredient(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Goswami, Deepika; Sharma, SavitaThe present research was undertaken to process the mustard meal for edible purpose its characterization and utilization as food ingredient. Mustard meal from two mustard varieties namely – cv. PBR 91 and cv. Laxmi were used. The glucosinolates, phytic acid and total phenol content of the meal from variety cv. PBR 91 were 53.87 μmoles/g defatted meal; 1.55% and 28.73 mg/g, respectively and from cv. Laxmi were 73.60 μmoles/g defatted meal, 1.56% and 24.46 mg/g, respectively. A combined processing treatment was investigated to prepare a protein rich meal with reduced anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) content. It comprised of soaking in water (pH 5/7) for variable length of time (6/8/10/12 h), filtration followed by microwave treatment (1.5/3/4.5 min) and drying at 60 ℃ (~10% moisture). The statistical analysis of the process treated meal samples indicated that the processing treatment significantly (P 0.05) reduced the glucosinolates content by 84.28% in cv. PBR 91 and by 86.14% in cv. Laxmi, the phytic acid content by 3.87% and 2.94% and total phenol content by 58.60% and 38.61% in cv. PBR 91 and cv. Laxmi, respectively. Soaking of mustard meal in water (pH 5) for 8 h followed by 3 min microwave treatment and drying was observed to be optimum for reduction of anti nutritional factors in mustard meal. The processed mustard meal (PMM) obtained after optimized treatment exhibited storage stability of 5 months. The procedure of protein isolates from PMM was optimized as alkaline extraction at pH 12 for 30 min followed by isoelectric precipitation at pH 4 and spray drying at 150 ℃. Protein isolates thus obtained had 81.08 % protein and exhibited 76.98% in vitro protein digestibility. The processing treatment however, greatly affected the functional properties of the protein isolates thereof. The study on food utilization of PMM indicated maximum possible incorporation in extrudates (20%), in pasta (5%), cookies (2.5%) and extrudates, 5application of processed mustard meal can be extended by incorporation into extrudates (level), pasta (5% level), cookies (2.5%) and a traditional food product panjiri (10%) with enhanced protein, crude fibre and minerals content and acceptable sensory properties.ThesisItem Unknown Development of carbonated and non carbonated sugarcane juice beverages(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Agarkar, Bharat Sidram; Sachdev, Poonam A.The non carbonated sugarcane juice beverages blended with juices of kinnow (10-15 %), aonla (5%), lemon (2-2.5%) and ginger (2.5-3%) and sugarcane juice beverage with lemon and ginger juice (3% each) were found superior. The pasteurization of sugarcane juice beverages at 820C temperature for 5 min along with 120ppm sodium benzoate and processing of bottled juice in boiling water for 30 min was found optimum. The beverages stored at refrigerated temperature (40C) scored slightly high for all the sensory and chemical parameters than stored at room temperature (30±40C). There was slight decrease in values of total soluble solids (1.6%), pH (3.63%), ascorbic acid (1.35%), total sugars (2.38%) and viscosity (1.71%) for all the beverages after 3 months during storage of 6 months while the values for titratable acidity and reducing sugars were increased 4.91% and 7.9%, respectively. The total polyphenol and total flavonoids were decreased by 20 per cent while the antioxidant activity was decreased by 25 per cent during the storage of six months. The carbonated sugarcane juice beverages containing juices of kinnow and aonla each 2-3%; lemon and ginger each 1.5% and sugarcane juice 41-43% were found superior while beverage contained only lemon and ginger juice 1.25 % each with sugarcane juice 47.5% was found acceptable. The pasteurization temperature of 820C for 5 min was found optimum for blended juices which was used as base for the carbonated sugarcane juice beverages. The beverages carbonated at 80psi carbonation level containing 60ppm sodium benzoate were found superior. The beverages stored at refrigerated temperature (40C) scored slightly high score for all the sensory and chemical parameters than the stored at room temperature (30±40C). The significant reduction in CO2 content of beverages was observed during storage for 6 months and beverages were found acceptable. The more CO2 retention was observed in refrigerated samples than stored at room temperature while statistically no significant difference. The both beverages showed stability till 3 months while further storage slightly decreased the values. The products were found acceptable after six months storage.ThesisItem Open Access Development of instant vegetable soup mixes using extrusion technology(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gandhi, Neeraj; Baljit SinghThe present investigation was undertaken to explore the possibility of using extrusion technology for development of Instant Vegetable Soup Mixes. Corn and potato starches were processed using co- rotating twin screw extruder at varying processing conditions as per the experimental design. Response surface methodology was used for optimization of the extrusion processing conditions and regression analysis was carried out to fit mathematical models to the experimental data. Feed moisture (14-18%), barrel temperature (125-175°C), screw speed (400-550 rpm) were chosen as the independent variables while specific mechanical energy (SME), bulk density (BD), expansion ratio (ER), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), degree of gelatinisation (DG), in-vitro starch digestibility (SD), colour and viscosity were the product responses. All the processing conditions had significant influence on the extruded starches. Optimization results indicated that feed moisture of 17 and 18%, screw speed of 414 and 533 rpm and barrel temperature of 131 and 135°C would produce extruded corn and potato starches respectively of preferable functional properties as required for preparation of instant soup mixes. Instant Vegetable Soup Mixes were prepared by uniform blending of recommended levels of extruded corn and potato starches with other ingredients based on the sensory evaluation. Instant Vegetable Soup Mix contained extruded corn/ potato starch 50%, dried tomato/ mushroom powder 17.9%, skim milk powder 10%, sugar 10%, salt 10%, black pepper 2% and citric acid 0.1% (w/w). Reasonably higher degree of gelatinization and starch digestibility was achieved in the final product. The developed soup mix contains high protein, less fat and ash content with low cost when compared with the commercially available similar products. The product packed in aluminium laminates and stored at ambient storage conditions were found more stable and acceptable than packed in polyethylene for 6 months storage period.ThesisItem Unknown Biological Activation of Grains: Characterization, Functionality and Utilization(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Arashdeep Singh; Sharma, SavitaThe present investigation was undertaken to study the biological activation of grains (Brown rice (PR 123), Sorghum (SL 44), Wheat (HD 2967), Pigeon pea (AL 201) and Barley (PL 426))for their characterization, functionality and utilization. Grains after steeping were subjected to biological activation for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h at 25, 30 and 35 oC. Steeping increased the moisture results in better germination capacity of grains. Physical characteristics as well as crude protein, fat, ash and fibre content of the grains of the grain were inversely affected by activation conditions. Biological activation increased the diastase enzyme activity and also activates the hydrolytic enzymes that act on starch and reducing its concentration and resulting in more sugars. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in the bulk density, water absorption capacity and swelling power of flour prepared from activated grains was observed due to enzymatic modification of starch. Gel consistency and oil absorption capacity of flour increase significantly (p<0.05) as the grain activation time increased from 12-48 h and temperature from 25 to 35 oC. Raw flour had lowest emulsion activity and stability as well as foaming capacity and stability, while increase in biological activation conditions significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the emulsifying and foaming properties of flour. Paste clarity of native flour was highest among all the samples which after grain activation were significantly reduced; however, biological activation increased the % syneresis due to enzymatic thinning of starch. Proteins were modified by action of enzymes during higher biological activation time and temperature conditions, which also results higher protein solubility. Least gelation concentration (LGC) increased as grain activation conditions progressed and highest LGC was observed after 48 h of grain activation at 35 oC. Increase in biological activation conditions enhanced the in vitro digestibility of starch and protein. Biological activation of grains for longer time period at higher temperature significantly increased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Similarly reducing power and metal chelating activity also enhanced as grain activation time increased from 12 to 48 h and temperature from 25 to 35 oC. Increased enzymatic activity during biological activation degrades the starch and thus lowers down the peak and final viscosity of grains and also lowers down the Lightness value of the grains. Biologically activated grains packed in high density polyethylene and stored at room temperature for up to 4 months showed considerable stability during their storage. Biologically activated grain were utilized at varying levels in pasta, cookies, flat bread and chapatti and the overall acceptability results showed that they were successfully utilized as functional ingredient at 10 to 15% levels in different products.ThesisItem Unknown Development of synbiotic drinks from finger millet and oats(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ashwani Kumar; Amarjeet KaurThe food habits have been changing throughout world and there is an increase in the demand of energy dense, nutrient rich, vegan, and wholesome foods with specific health benefits. Composite foods are trending due to their richness in nutrients and probiotics are preferred for their specific health benefits. Therefore, present work was carried out to develop a composite drink using finger millet (VL Manduaa 315), oats (Kent & Quaker brand oats) and double toned milk. All the raw materials were assessed for proximate composition. The effect of germination on finger millet was studied at 25° C for time intervals ranging from 0 to 96 hours for changes in functional properties, nutritional and anti-nutritional contents. Based on these changes, 84 hours/25 °C germination time was selected as best germination time and was used to carry out further studies. The process for the preparation of malt drink was standardized. Malt drink prepared with 60:40 of finger millet malt to oats with three times of water was selected best on basis of sensory acceptability. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the selection of malt drink and double toned milk for preparation of composite drink. On the bases of responses generated by software, 47:53 of malt drink to double toned milk was selected as best combination for the preparation of composite drink. To further enhance its nutritional and functional values, composite drink was flavoured with rose syrup and marigold powder. The prepared composite drink was high in total solids (22 percent), carbohydrates (16 percent), minerals (1.02 percent) and energy content (83 Kcal/100ml). It was low in fat (1.02%), cholesterol (2.67 mg/100 ml) and lactose (1.26 g/100ml) as compared to dairy milk. It also contained the good amount of health promoting components like, soluble dietary fibre (1.30 g/100 ml), beta-glucan (112 mg/ 100 ml) and anthocyanins (2.81 mg/100 ml) which are otherwise absent in dairy milk. The presence of dietary fibre made it good prebiotic and its application as a substrate for the growth of Lactobacillus bacteria viz. L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei revealed that the growth was higher in comparison to dairy milk. Storage studies further strengthen its claim to be used as a carrier for probiotic bacteria as it was capable to support bacterial life for more time as compared to dairy milk. The synbiotic drink prepared with L. acidophilus had best sensory characteristics and scored an average sensory score of 87.71 out of 100 on a composite sensory scale. Both, the products i.e. composite and synbiotic drinks required refrigerated storage and had a storage life of 60 days and 20 days, respectively at 4±2° C. The product is recommended as a health drink because it was rich in nutrients and had live probiotic bacteria in adequate amounts.ThesisItem Open Access Drying And Viscoelastic Characterisation Of Sand Pear Slices(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2004) Mahesh Kumar; Ghuman, B.S.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of supplementation of broccoli products (Brassica oleracea L var italica plenck) on blood glucose and lipid profile of non-insulin dependent diabetics(PAU, 2014) Madhu; Kochhar, AnitaNinety non-insulin dependent male diabetics in the age group of 40-60 years were selected. Fresh floret and leaves of broccoli were washed, blanched, dried, powdered and chemically analyzed for nutritional composition. Ten products, five with broccoli floret and five with broccoli leaf powder namely Missi Roti, Vegetable Dalia, Dhokla, Channa dhal and Barley snacks were developed and evaluated organoleptically. Incorporation of broccoli floret powder at 5-15% and broccoli leaves powder at 5-10% was highly acceptable in all five products. The selected subjects were divided into three groups I, II and III, each group having thirty subjects. The subjects of group I was given no treatment, group II was given 10 gm of broccoli floret and group III was given 10 gm of broccoli leaf powder in form of missi roti for a period of 3 months along with nutrition counselling. Subjects were imparted nutrition education regarding the disease, its dietary management, health benefits of broccoli and physical exercise. The mean energy, carbohydrates, protein and fat intake decreased significantly (P≤0.01) in the subjects of group II and III and a non significant decrease (P≤0.01) was seen in the subjects of group I. Significant (P≤0.01) percent reduction was observed in fasting blood glucose level by 17.2 and 11.7, post prandial glucose level by 14.1 and 11.9, total cholesterol 8.4 and 9.5, triglycerides 10.7 and 6.2, LDL-C 11.1 and 8.0, VLDL-C 10.5 and 9.4, and an increase in HDL-C 7.3 and 3.7 in the subjects of group II, and III . The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C reduced to 14.6, and 9.4 per cent and LDL- C to HDL-C reduced to 16.6 and 11.2 per cent in the subjects of group II, and III respectively whereas non significant changes were observed in the subjects of group I . There was also a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the blood pressure of the subjects in group II and III and a non significant decrease (P≤0.01) was seen in the subjects of group I. There was a significant increase (P≤0.01) in KAP scores obtained by the subjects of group II and III and a non significant increase (P≤0.01) was seen in the subjects of group I. It can be inferred from the results that supplementation of brocoli floret and leaf powder along with nutrition counselling significantly improved the nutritional status of the diabetics.