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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of botanicals as growth promoter and fusarium wilt suppressor on gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Patel, Monika; Dubey, R. K.The present investigation was conducted on open field grown pot plants of two commercial varieties of gladiolus, White Prosperity and Jacksonville Gold using soil: FYM (2:1) as growing media in Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from September 2016 to April 2018. The statistical design for conducting the experiment was CRD. Some of the plant species have been reported to possess harmless eco-friendly chemicals that have growth promoting effect. In the present studies, botanicals were prepared from the leaves of five locally available plants viz. Callistemon lanceolatus, Eucalyptus teriticornis, Azadirachta indica, Tagetes erecta, Aegle marmelos at 20 % and 40 % concentrations and were used for treating corms before planting and then up to harvesting of spike. The present investigations were conducted to know the growth promoting and fusarium wilt disease suppressing effects of botanicals. Present studies revealed that all the ten treatments showed significant differences in growth, yield, physiological and biochemical parameters of plants as compared to control. On qualitative phytochemical analysis of botanicals, it was confirmed that, all the botanicals have steroids and flavonoids. Forty percent concentration of botanicals had more growth promoting effect on plants than 20% concentration. All these botanicals suppressed the fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus to a variable extent. Eucalyptus teriticornis was found as best botanical for fusarium wilt disease suppression. On GC-MS analysis of E. tereticornis botanical, two major antifungal compounds (α-phellandrene and viridiflorol) were found. Among all treatments; E. tereticornis, A. indica and C. lanceolatus were found more effective in growth promotion as well as disease suppression than T. erecta and A. marmelos.ThesisItem Open Access Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ravneet Kaur; Dhatt, K. K.The present studies entitled "Combining ability analysis for growth and flowering characteristics in pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)" were undertaken at the Floriculture Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2018. Eight inbred lines of pansy were selected for crossing in half diallel fashion (8x8) to study the general combining ability effects of the parents and specific combining ability of the crosses. Twenty eight hybrids were grown along with their parents in Randomized block design. The results pertaining to the analysis of variance for experimental design and combining ability were highly significant for all the characters. Based on gca effects of parents, the parents Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-63-1-7-25 and Pa-32-8-7-6 were best general combiners for most of the traits except stalk length and flower size which can be recommended for use in breeding programme to generate genetic variability in desirable direction. Studies on specific combining ability of the crosses indicated that the cross combinations viz.,Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-62-4-12-18, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-64-1-5-14, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-63-1-7-25, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-63-1-7-25 were the best specific combiner for most of the vegetative and floral characters viz., plant height, plant spread, branches number, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant and pod setting (%). Combining ability analysis revealed that magnitude of gcavariance was greater than sca variance suggesting the predominance of additive gene action for the characters viz., branch count, flower size, days from bud initiation to flowering and flowers per plant. Specific combining ability (sca)variance was greater than gca variance for most of the characters viz., plant height at first flowering (cm), final plant height, plant spread, final plant spread, stalk length, days to flowering, flowering duration and pod setting (%) which indicated predominance of non-additive gene action in their inheritance and heterosis breeding would be the best option for improvement of these traits. Heterosis revealed that majority of the hybrids exhibited heterobeltiosis and mid-heterosis in desirable direction. The hybrids exhibiting high per se performance also showed high mid-heterosis. The hybrids exhibited heterosis over better parent for plant height, plant spread, branches count, stalk length, days from bud initiation to flowering, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flowers per plant were Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-63-1-7-25 , Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-32-8-7-6 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-13-1-2-3 × Pa-47-1-3, Pa-11-1-3-7 × Pa-32-8-7-6, Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-32-8-7-6 and Pa-64-1-5-14 × Pa-62-4-12-18. High estimates of PCV and GCV were recorded indicating sufficient variability in the germplasm for most of the characters. PCV and GCV showed a range of variation from 14.25% to 67.50% and 14.10% to 67.29% respectively.High estimates of heritability ranges between 83.55% to 99.37% were obtained for different analysed characters and indicate that though the character was least influenced by the environmental effects. The estimates of genetic advance were varied from 2.25% to 336.80% and from 28.73% to 138.17% for genetic advance as % of mean. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for the characters viz., number of flowers per plant, branch count and days from bud initiation to flowering were recorded and suggested the role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. Hence, simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective. The estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation revealed that flowers per plant was strongly and positively associated with the characters namely number of branches per plant, plant spread, final plant spread, final plant height and duration of flowering at phenotypic and genotypic level. The result of analysis of variance for F₂ indicated that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the traits studied. PCV was higher than those of GCV for all the traits which indicated greater genotype x environment interactions for the expression of these characters. The estimates of heritability were more than 72.43 percent for all the characters studied for F₂ genotypes. High heritability along with high genetic advance as % of mean for F₂ population were observed for number of flowers per plant, number of branches per plant and days from bud initiation to flowering hence, amenable for simple selection. The different expected ratios were obtained among twenty eight cross combination of F₂ population of pansy for the inheritance of the flower colour.ThesisItem Open Access Flowering response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes to different photoperiods and quality of light(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Ranjit Singh; Madhu BalaThe present investigations entitled “Flowering response of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) genotypes to different photoperiods and quality of light” were carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015-18. The experiments were conducted to study the response of standard and spray genotypes to artificial short day conditions. The plants were raised through the rooting of terminal cuttings during February-March and the plants were given short day treatment as night extension using black polythene (100 micron) sheet from civil twilight in the morning to 9 O’clock. The maximum plant height (85.33 cm and 86.00 cm) and plant spread (19.33 cm and 18.67 cm) was exhibited by Boris Becker while number of branches were recorded maximum (5.00 and 5.00) in Punjab Shyamli for both the years. The leaf area index, leaf weight ratio and number of stomata per unit area were not affected significantly. Days to flower bud appearance were recorded minimum (108 and 107.65) in two genotypes viz. Yellow Delight followed by Banglori Local (117 and 110), accordingly early flowering was observed in these genotypes, showing good tolerance towards heat delay. Similar trend was recorded in standard types but none of the genotypes was able to flower early in response to artificial short days. In second experiment different sources of light viz. incandescent bulbs, CFL and LED as night break were used, from 15th August to 31st October, from 10.00 pm to 12.00 midnight to provide long days. Plant spread (25.73 cm and 26.65 cm), days to flower bud appearance (148.34 and 149.25), days to flowering (178.10 and 180.10), flower size (6.85 cm and 7.13 cm) and vase life (12.27 days and 12.55 days) were recorded maximum with LED sources of light as compared to incandescent and CFL. Similarly another experiment was conducted by providing long days with the help of LED lights of red, blue and green colour to investigate the effect of colours of light for night break treatment. The genotypes under red lights exhibited maximum (66.83 cm) plant height, plant spread (18.02 cm), days to bud appearance (142.93 days), days to flowering (170.08 days), flower size (6.69 cm), duration of flowering (31.95 days) whereas stem diameter and vase life was recorded maximum (5.80 mm and 11.27 days, respectively) under blue light. Green lights have resulted in increased content of carotenoids over red and blue LED lights. Similar trend was observed in genotype of standard group. It is thus concluded that the genotypes viz. Yellow Delight and Banglori Local among spray type were suitable for year round flower production as they have exhibited tolerance against heat delay. Among the different sources and colours of light, light emitting diodes (LED) with red colour light were found suitable for effective photoperiodic control for growth and flowering in Chrysanthemum.