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Status and Performance of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Selected States of India
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Sandhu, Karanvir Singh; Pankaj Kumar
The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study the status, performance, linkages and problems of Famer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Punjab, Haryana and Maharashtra. Fifteen FPOs were selected for the study, five from Punjab, Haryana and ten from Maharashtra. Five management committee members from each FPO were selected, making a total of 75. 300 members farmers from the FPOs were selected using probability proportional to number of member farmers in each FPO. Data were collected by personal interview method. It was observed that majority of the FPOs originated post-2015 with primary engagement in cereals and vegetables crops. Majority had warehouses, collection centres and input shops. Farmer‟s reliance on experts from FPOs was highest amongst all the extension contacts in Maharashtra whereas, pesticide dealers were most contacted in Punjab and Haryana. Exposure to digital platforms than traditional media with YouTube emerged as the most dominant media with first rank in both the regions. Most of farmers across both regions had medium economic motivation and risk-bearing capacities. Consumption of quality food, balanced diet, access to educational information and adult education witnessed an increase in Maharashtra. Enhanced social empowerment was evident across both regions with Maharashtra depicted a higher increase. About half of farmers in Punjab and Haryana were satisfied, whereas about 40 per cent of farmers in Maharashtra were very satisfied with FPOs. Majority of farmers in Punjab and Haryana relied on Co-operative Banks/Societies and informal channels and about two-third farmers in Maharashtra were also dependent on Co-operative Banks/Societies for credit requirements. A stronger financial support was exhibited by FPOs in Maharashtra for the members. While private dealers remained central for all agri-input requirements, co-operative agencies held significant position particularly for seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. FPOs in Maharashtra took a lead in training initiatives with government agencies playing a noticeable role in both regions for capacity building. Extent of linkage of member farmers with FPOs was high for immediate necessities like credit for inputs, fertilizers and pesticides in Punjab and Haryana. The private sector was found to be dominant in fulfilling the input requirements of FPOs in Punjab and Haryana, while Maharashtra had a diverse supply system for agri-inputs. Linkages for technical support in Punjab and Haryana primarily depended on government departments. FPOs in Punjab and Haryana were mainly dependent on member farmers for procurement, whereas Maharashtra demonstrated a comprehensive strategy. Lack of transport facilities (47.00%), crop insurance facilities (42.00%), processing facilities (42.00%), adequate knowledge about cultivation practices (40.00%) and credit facilities (39.33%) were the major problems of member farmers. Some of the major challenges of FPOs were huge capital requirement for starting FPO (80.00%), non-cooperative attitude of members (66.67%), ineffective linkages (66.67%), political affiliation of members (50.67%), price fluctuation of agricultural produce (41.33%) and lack of technical experts (45.33%).
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Behavioural intentions of vegetable growers for adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Punjab, India and Nakuru, Kenya.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Cherotich, Carolyne; Manmeet Kaur
The present study was undertaken to examine vegetable growers‘ risk perception, their awareness of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), determinants of their intentions, and the applicability of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) among vegetable growers to adopt GAP in Punjab, India, and Nakuru, Kenya. Primary data was collected by surveying 200 randomly selected vegetable growers comprising 100 in Punjab and 100 in Nakuru. Vegetable growers were randomly selected from a list obtained from the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nakuru County. An interview schedule was developed and used for data collection. Findings revealed that the majority of the vegetable growers in the two regions were of medium age, male, and had marginal landholdings. Vegetable production was a more profitable enterprise in Punjab than in Nakuru. Production occurred under different risk conditions with market risks, institutional risks, weather and climate change risks, and production risks perceived as the leading sources of challenges among the farmers in the two regions. A majority of the vegetable growers were unaware of GAP standards for vegetable production, with many deviating from the expected standards in their vegetable production activities. Most of the vegetable growers identified production costs, market exclusivity, training, government support, and access to labor as the key determinants to the use of GAP in their activities. The findings further revealed that behavioral intention to adopt GAP by vegetable growers is predicted by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Socio-personal and economic traits had no significant influence on the intention to adopt GAP among vegetable growers. Perceived risks highly influenced the farmers' intention to adopt GAP, with the relationship being of more significance in Punjab than in Nakuru. Beliefs about the consequences of behavior, such as higher income if GAP is adopted; beliefs regarding the influence of people of importance to the vegetable growers; and the perception that vegetable growers are in control had a significant impact on their attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is highly applicable to the study of behavioral intention among vegetable growers. The study revealed the need for training and capacity building of vegetable growers regarding GAP, the need for partnerships and linkages with extension service providers, agrochemical companies, agricultural universities, and other institutions in GAP training and awareness creation. There is also a need for a price premium for vegetables produced following GAP standards and sufficient infrastructural support from the government to encourage the adoption of GAP.
Open Access
Aspirations of rural youth in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab: A comparative analysis
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Joshi, Divyata; Dhaliwal, R. K.
The research was undertaken with the objectives to study awareness about agricultural development schemes, aspirations, attitude of rural youth towards agriculture and allied sectors as an occupation and to determine the perceived constraints in achieving aspirations and choosing agriculture as an occupation. The study was conducted in plain and sub-mountainous area of Punjab. From each zone four blocks were selected randomly. Further, two villages from each block and fifteen youth from each village were selected. A total of 240 respondents were selected. The data was collected through interview schedule. The results of the study revealed that among the socio-economic profile, youth from sub-mountainous area had higher educational level. However, the variables viz. occupation, occupation of head of the family, farming experience, size of land holding and annual income were found to be significantly higher among the rural youth of plain area. Communication characteristics were found to be higher among the youth of plain area. A significantly higher number of respondents from plain zone had willingness for migration. The finding revealed that more than half of the rural youth had medium level of awareness about the developmental schemes. For centrally sponsored scheme half of the respondents were found to have low level of awareness. Whereas for state sponsored schemes medium level of awareness was found among the 45 per cent of the respondents. The awareness among the rural youth of plain area was found significantly higher regarding these schemes. For youth development schemes, medium level of awareness was found among the respondents. The analysis of aspirations of rural youth revealed that more than half of the respondents had medium level of aspirations. Further, the occupational, entrepreneurial, economic and overall aspirations were significantly higher in rural youth of plain. It was found that rural youth had moderately unfavourable attitude towards agriculture as an occupation and a significantly higher number of respondents of plain area had positive attitude towards farming. The findings revealed that infrastructural and other constraints were the most perceived constraints among the rural youth and were significantly higher in sub-mountainous area. Psychological factors were found to be most perceived in the choosing agriculture as an occupation and significantly higher among the rural youth of sub-mountainous zone. Correlation analysis showed that family size, farming experience, land holding, annual income, extension agency contact and participation in extension activities had significant positive relationship with aspirations, attitude and awareness about agricultural development schemes.
Open Access
Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurvinder Singh; Bhalla, J.S.
Horticulture is best growing sector within the agriculture and it contributing towards poverty alleviation, nutritional security. Citrus fruits originated from tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Punjab government established five Citrus Estates in Fazilika, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Hoshiarpur districts to promote citrus crop and facilitate the beneficiaries. This study entitled, “Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab” was planned to find out the knowledge and adoption of the beneficiaries about citrus production practices, impact and effectiveness of evaluation and to find out the constraints perceived by the beneficiaries. A stratified multistage random sampling design was used was used to select the respondents. From each Citrus Estates, 40 beneficiaries were selected and in this way total 200 beneficiaries were selected. It was found from the study that the age of respondent beneficiaries varied from 27-56 years , maximum 24.5 per cent beneficiaries were educated up to graduation and higher proportion of the total beneficiaries were falling under semi-medium operational land holding. From the entire five Citrus Estates, maximum 35.5 per cent respondent beneficiaries had experience of 5 to 8 years of citrus cultivation and 42.0 per cent of the respondent beneficiaries had 1 to 5 acres area under citrus crop. Study also indicated that the maximum respondent had medium knowledge and medium extent of adoption about recommended citrus production practices. Regarding different aspects of production technology beneficiaries had maximum knowledge about citrus harvesting and maximum extend of adoption regarding citrus plantation whereas minimum knowledge and adoption was found in fruit drop & growth regulators aspects. Technical constraints ranked first with highest average mean score of 2.271among the five constraint areas. It is a need of hour, to make export policy for citrus produce and need to build pack-house and storage facility to promote the crop.
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Perspective of extension personnel and farmers regarding paddy and wheat residue burning in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Lyngdoh, Lawanrisha; Dhaliwal, R.K.
The research entitled “Perspective of extension personnel and farmers regarding paddy and wheat residue burning in Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the perception and knowledge of extension personnel and farmers towards the effect of open burning in paddy and wheat cropping system, to identify the extension methods used by the extension personnel for the dissemination of various alternatives of paddy and wheat straw management and the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of paddy and wheat straw management alternatives and by the extension personnel in its dissemination along with suggestions. One hundred and fifty extension personnel (Agricultural Development Officers) were selected randomly from the state. From each zone, one district and further two villages were selected. From each village ten farmers were selected randomly. Thus, sixty farmers were selected randomly from three agro-climatic zones. The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire for the extension personnel and an interview schedule for the farmers. Findings of the study revealed that perception of the extension personnel and farmer respondents differ for the statements such as pest and pathogens can be controlled by straw burning, weeds can be controlled by open straw burning and burning of crop stubble decreases the yield of milk in milch animals as well as destroys forest trees while both respondents agreed that open burning of straw has a negative effect on plant health, air, human health, animal health, biodiversity, vehicular traffic and soil health. The study revealed that majority of the extension personnel and farmer respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding the economic effect of paddy straw, a high level of knowledge regarding environmental effect and medium level of knowledge regarding pictorial identification for paddy wheat straw management respectively. An overall analysis showed that majority of the respondents from both categories had medium level of knowledge. Personal visit and meetings/discussions were the most commonly employed methods by the extension personnel for the dissemination of various alternatives of paddy and wheat straw management. The findings revealed that the major constraints faced by the extension personnel in disseminating straw management alternatives were inadequate and irregular supply of funds, perceived ineffectiveness of technologies and lack of training facilities. While all the farmer respondents agreed that high transportation of the straw, high labour charges and crop residue interference with tillage and seeding operations were the major constraints in adoption of straw management techniques. The variables like education, service experience, extension contact, mass media and economic motivation showed a positive and highly significant correlation with knowledge while age of the farmer respondents was negatively and significantly correlated with knowledge. Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between the perception of the farmer respondents with education and ecological consciousness.
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Performance of elected members of Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) in implementation and monitoring of development schemes in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Shukla, Namita; Sidhu, Kiranjot
Panchyati Raj Institutes play a vital role in implementation and monitoring of government scheme like MGNREGA, IAY and NRLM. In this context, the study was designed to assess the knowledge of PRI members regarding selected schemes and expected roles to be performed by members of three tiers along with the assessment of their actual role performance. The study was conducted in purposively selected two blocks from each of four selected districts of Punjab State. Sample consisted of 96Gam Panchayat, 48 Panchayat Samiti and 40 Zila Parishad elected members. Data collected using interview schedule revealed that knowledge of ZP members was highest both regarding the schemes and the roles to be performed. Members of different tiers differed significantly in their overall knowledge of the schemes , roles and their actual role performance. Education, media exposure, income of PRI members, family income, land ownership and previous experience of PRI members in system was significantly related with their knowledge of scheme and expected role along with the actual role performance. Age affected the actual role performance. Organisational membership, previous PRI involvement status was found to be significantly related to knowledge. Knowledge and actual role performance were positively and significantly related with each other. Lack of information was the major problem cited by the members and they suggested that capacity building exercises should be organized with enhanced use of ICT. There should be a horizontal and vertical flow of information through organization of workshops/ interactions before and after implementation of development schemes.
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A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, Sidhu
The study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.
Open Access
STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., Dhillon
The present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.
Open Access
Study Of Some Important Farm Related Socio-Economic Parameters Of Small And Marginal Farmers Of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2001) Gurmeet Singh; Gill, S. S.

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