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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gurvinder Singh; Bhalla, J.S.Horticulture is best growing sector within the agriculture and it contributing towards poverty alleviation, nutritional security. Citrus fruits originated from tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Punjab government established five Citrus Estates in Fazilika, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Hoshiarpur districts to promote citrus crop and facilitate the beneficiaries. This study entitled, “Impact of citrus estates on the beneficiaries in Punjab” was planned to find out the knowledge and adoption of the beneficiaries about citrus production practices, impact and effectiveness of evaluation and to find out the constraints perceived by the beneficiaries. A stratified multistage random sampling design was used was used to select the respondents. From each Citrus Estates, 40 beneficiaries were selected and in this way total 200 beneficiaries were selected. It was found from the study that the age of respondent beneficiaries varied from 27-56 years , maximum 24.5 per cent beneficiaries were educated up to graduation and higher proportion of the total beneficiaries were falling under semi-medium operational land holding. From the entire five Citrus Estates, maximum 35.5 per cent respondent beneficiaries had experience of 5 to 8 years of citrus cultivation and 42.0 per cent of the respondent beneficiaries had 1 to 5 acres area under citrus crop. Study also indicated that the maximum respondent had medium knowledge and medium extent of adoption about recommended citrus production practices. Regarding different aspects of production technology beneficiaries had maximum knowledge about citrus harvesting and maximum extend of adoption regarding citrus plantation whereas minimum knowledge and adoption was found in fruit drop & growth regulators aspects. Technical constraints ranked first with highest average mean score of 2.271among the five constraint areas. It is a need of hour, to make export policy for citrus produce and need to build pack-house and storage facility to promote the crop.ThesisItem Restricted Perspective of extension personnel and farmers regarding paddy and wheat residue burning in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Lyngdoh, Lawanrisha; Dhaliwal, R.K.The research entitled “Perspective of extension personnel and farmers regarding paddy and wheat residue burning in Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the perception and knowledge of extension personnel and farmers towards the effect of open burning in paddy and wheat cropping system, to identify the extension methods used by the extension personnel for the dissemination of various alternatives of paddy and wheat straw management and the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of paddy and wheat straw management alternatives and by the extension personnel in its dissemination along with suggestions. One hundred and fifty extension personnel (Agricultural Development Officers) were selected randomly from the state. From each zone, one district and further two villages were selected. From each village ten farmers were selected randomly. Thus, sixty farmers were selected randomly from three agro-climatic zones. The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire for the extension personnel and an interview schedule for the farmers. Findings of the study revealed that perception of the extension personnel and farmer respondents differ for the statements such as pest and pathogens can be controlled by straw burning, weeds can be controlled by open straw burning and burning of crop stubble decreases the yield of milk in milch animals as well as destroys forest trees while both respondents agreed that open burning of straw has a negative effect on plant health, air, human health, animal health, biodiversity, vehicular traffic and soil health. The study revealed that majority of the extension personnel and farmer respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding the economic effect of paddy straw, a high level of knowledge regarding environmental effect and medium level of knowledge regarding pictorial identification for paddy wheat straw management respectively. An overall analysis showed that majority of the respondents from both categories had medium level of knowledge. Personal visit and meetings/discussions were the most commonly employed methods by the extension personnel for the dissemination of various alternatives of paddy and wheat straw management. The findings revealed that the major constraints faced by the extension personnel in disseminating straw management alternatives were inadequate and irregular supply of funds, perceived ineffectiveness of technologies and lack of training facilities. While all the farmer respondents agreed that high transportation of the straw, high labour charges and crop residue interference with tillage and seeding operations were the major constraints in adoption of straw management techniques. The variables like education, service experience, extension contact, mass media and economic motivation showed a positive and highly significant correlation with knowledge while age of the farmer respondents was negatively and significantly correlated with knowledge. Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between the perception of the farmer respondents with education and ecological consciousness.ThesisItem Restricted Performance of elected members of Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) in implementation and monitoring of development schemes in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Shukla, Namita; Sidhu, KiranjotPanchyati Raj Institutes play a vital role in implementation and monitoring of government scheme like MGNREGA, IAY and NRLM. In this context, the study was designed to assess the knowledge of PRI members regarding selected schemes and expected roles to be performed by members of three tiers along with the assessment of their actual role performance. The study was conducted in purposively selected two blocks from each of four selected districts of Punjab State. Sample consisted of 96Gam Panchayat, 48 Panchayat Samiti and 40 Zila Parishad elected members. Data collected using interview schedule revealed that knowledge of ZP members was highest both regarding the schemes and the roles to be performed. Members of different tiers differed significantly in their overall knowledge of the schemes , roles and their actual role performance. Education, media exposure, income of PRI members, family income, land ownership and previous experience of PRI members in system was significantly related with their knowledge of scheme and expected role along with the actual role performance. Age affected the actual role performance. Organisational membership, previous PRI involvement status was found to be significantly related to knowledge. Knowledge and actual role performance were positively and significantly related with each other. Lack of information was the major problem cited by the members and they suggested that capacity building exercises should be organized with enhanced use of ICT. There should be a horizontal and vertical flow of information through organization of workshops/ interactions before and after implementation of development schemes.ThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THE SELECTED STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Sayanika Borah; Kiranjot, SidhuThe study was conducted in four state agricultural universities of India viz. PAU Punjab (North); ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh (South); AAU, Assam (East) and MPAUT, Rajasthan (West) to study the variations in perceptions of the faculty and administrators regarding the importance of dimension of organizational climate along with their perception of prevailing and expected organizational climate. The data collected from the 216 faculty members and 60 administrators using a scale developed on 13 dimensions viz. communication, management of rewards, interpersonal relationships, control and supervision, orientation, decision making, leadership, policies and rules, innovation, physical facilities, team work, monetary gains and accountability/ evaluation revealed that communication followed by leadership, team work and physical facilities were the most important dimensions according to the faculty who ranked monetary gains, accountability/ evaluation, management of rewards and control and supervision as least important. Administrators ranked communication, leadership and decision making at the top and innovation, monetary gains and management of rewards at the least important. There was a good agreement between faculty and administrator of all selected SAU’s as well as between SAU’s in assigning ranks. Faculty perceived highest gap between the prevailing and expected climate with regard to orientation and monetary gains and lowest in management of rewards and interpersonal relationship, whereas administrators found it to be highest in monetary gains and lowest in decision making and communication. Age, income, job experience and training acquired were significantly related with the perception. Faculty suggested improvement in communication as one of the important ways to improve organizational climate.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AND SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Uritkhinbam Supriya Devi; D.S., DhillonThe present study entitled ―Study of organizational stress and scientific productivity of scientists of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana‖ was undertaken to study the nature and extent of organizational stress and measure the scientific productivity of the scientists, analyze the factors affecting the organizational stress and the measures used to manage it and relationship between the organizational stress and scientific productivity of the scientists. A total sample of 250 scientists having minimum five years of service experience belonging to three cadres of teaching, research and extension was selected in proportion to their number in each stream from each of the four constituent colleges. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect requisite information pertaining to the objectives of the study. The data were collected from the scientists using distributed questionnaire approach. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done and necessary modifications were made in the parameters of teaching, research and extension. The reliability of the measurement scales was found by using split half method and their content validity was ensured. The results of the study revealed that majority of the scientists ‗sometimes‘ faced the mental, emotional, physical and behavioural stress. About an equal per cent of teachers (23.08%) had ‗high‘ mental and physical stress respectively and one fourth of researchers (21.90%) had high level of emotional stress. About 40 per cent teachers, 41.90 per cent researchers and 40.74 per cent extensionists had ‗medium‘ level of scientific productivity. On the other hand, one fourth of teachers (25.27%), researchers (22.86%) and extensionists (24.07%) had ‗high‘ level of scientific productivity. The factors affecting the organizational stress such as self, family, environmental factors, organizational factors, role in organization, interpersonal relationships at work, workload influence on career development lead to the stress as perceived by about 36-50 per cent of the scientists. The characteristics such as family, social factors, role in organization, workload and home work interference were positively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. It was further observed that organizational factors, organizational culture, strict adherence to working hours and influence on career development were negatively and significantly correlated with the overall scientific productivity of the scientists. Further, about 30-60 per cent scientists from all the three cadres used stress management techniques such as work related techniques, meditation, diet, social support and natural cures to manage and relieve their day to day stress.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Self help groups on Women Empowerment in Punjab(PAU, 2014) Kaur, Lakhwinder; Kalra, Rajinder KaurThe present study entitled “Impact of self help groups on women empowerment in Punjab” was undertaken to determine the profile of the members of self help groups, impact of self help groups on empowerment of women, problems faced by the members of self help groups and extension approaches used by promoting agencies in organizing and managing group affairs. The study was conducted in the state of Punjab and a total of 200 members were selected based on the probability proportional to the size of members in each district. All the managers for promoting selected self help groups under different agencies were selected. Data were collected from members by using interview schedule and managers by using questionnaire approach. Results revealed that majority of the members of self help groups were young, matriculates, labourers, belonged to SC category, had family size of 4-6 members and earned up to Rs.65000 per annum. Most of self help groups engaged in food processing (5), tailoring (4), making of household products (3) and honey production (2). Most of the respondents availed training opportunities provided to them by different agencies for capacity building as a result of which they increased their income in the range of Rs.1000-1500 per month. A large number of women in Punjab developed courage to think independently (99.50%), understood group activities (96%) and managed group activities (95.5%) after joining the group. Furthermore the social empowerment of the members in terms of team spirit (97%), talked freely within family (94%), confidence in dealing with people (95.5%) were enhanced. The socio-personal and psychological traits like annual income, mass media exposure, extension contacts, scientific orientation, and group cohesiveness were found to have positive and significant relationship at 5 per cent level while education, economic motivation, achievement motivation and risk bearing capacity had positive and significant relationship at 1 per cent level with the women empowerment. All the traits jointly explained 47.9 per cent (R2 = 0.479) variation in the women empowerment of self help groups. Extension approaches like group discussion, trainings and group meetings were „always used by the managers of promoting agencies for empowering the members. Linkages with line department (83.33%), regularity in savings (75%) and division of labour (41.66%) were the strengthening points while group crisis (50%) , non-cooperation of family members (50%) and over-dependence on the leader of the group (33.33%) were the weak points of groups formed by various organizations. Lack of transport facilities (81.50%), procurement of good quality raw materials (61%) and non-cooperation of the family to attend training outstations (51%) were the major problems perceived by the respondents. The study would be beneficial to analyze the social, economic and managerial aspects for economically deprived women of the society for effective functioning of the groups as well as will facilitate stakeholders for better future planning regarding formation of the self help groups.ThesisItem Restricted Intervention on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city(PAU, 2013) Deepshikha; Bajwa, Ashu K.The present study was undertaken to assess the “Impact of intervention program on reproductive health of young mothers in slum areas of Ludhiana city”. The sample was comprised of total 120 respondents i.e. young mothers (n 1 =60) and their spouses (n 2 =60). Standardized Family Planning and Birth Control Attitude Scale was used to assess the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning and birth control methods. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the existing physical health status and identification of health services availed by young mothers. The respondents were tested for their knowledge and attitude regarding reproductive health. Out of 120 respondents, 60 respondents (both husband and wife) falling on the poor reproductive health status were selected as experimental group for intervention programme, whereas, the rest of 60 respondents constituted the control group. The intervention programme was given to experimental group of mothers and their spouses for the period of four months. Post-testing of both the groups was done to evaluate the impact of the intervention programme. Results revealed significant relationship between education and all the eight aspects of family planning methods whereas age factor does not affect the attitude of the respondents towards family planning methods. Awareness regarding health care services was found low among young mothers. Post-test assessment revealed that intervention resulted into significant positive changes in the attitude of the young mothers towards menstruation and its related fallacies. Significant positive change in the attitude of young mothers and their spouses towards family planning methods was also observed after intervention. Knowledge of the young mothers towards food fads and fallacies related to pregnancy were improved significantly using post-intervention assessment.ThesisItem Open Access Job Satisfaction of Agricultural Scientists of Selected State Agricultural Universities of Northern Region(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2011) Yadav, Kiran; Dhillon, D. S.The present study was conducted to investigate the level of job satisfaction, factors affecting job satisfaction, relationship of socio-personal characteristics of agricultural scientists of selected state agricultural universities of northern region viz. PAU, GBPUAT and HAU and get suggestions to enhance their job satisfaction. The data were collected from 300 respondents, 100 from each university. The findings revealed that all the agricultural scientists were highly satisfied and fewer differences were found among the universities. HAU was significantly different from PAU and GBPUAT in most of the cases. Among the thirty determinants of job satisfaction, 13 were significantly different (p<0.05 and p<0.01) among the three universities. Herzberg’s motivator factors (p<0.05) and hygiene factors (p<0.01) revealed significant difference among the three agricultural universities. In HAU, negative significant correlation (p<0.05) was found in between job satisfaction and distance (kms) of place of posting from respondent’s permanent home. In GBPUAT the respondent’s job satisfaction significantly varied (p<0.01) in nuclear and joint families and job performance showed positive and significant correlation (p<0.01) between male (high) and female (low).In PAU Assistant Professors, Associate Professors and Professors showed significant difference (p<0.05) and had positive correlation (p<0.05) with their service experience in relation to job performance. The findings further revealed that HAU had more training experts as compared to PAU and GBPUAT. All the three universities ranked teaching, research and extension at first, second and third place respectively and expressed their views on team work rather than work alone. Too much paper work frustrated the all respondents. In PAU and HAU, a positive correlation between the job satisfaction and job performance was found significant (p<0.01). Most of the factors of job performance varied among the three universities. The data showed that most of the Herzberg’s motivator and hygiene factors contributing the job satisfaction of agricultural scientists of HAU in comparison to PAU and GBPUAT. The respondents suggested that ongoing facilities should be worked out consistently and in few areas they should be further improved to enhance job satisfaction.
