Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 30

Restricted
Impact of neonicotinoids on honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) in cotton
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Brar, Pushpinder Kaur; Kang, B. K.
The impact of neonicotinoids on Apis mellifera Linneaus in cotton was studied w.r.t. toxicity studies, effect of imidacloprid on colony development parameters and bees in the cotton field and determination of residues in cotton flowers, nectariferous tissue, pollen and hive products. The dermal toxicity laboratory tests revealed that thiamethoxam was the most toxic (LD50 = 7 ng µL-1) followed by clothianidin (LD50 = 10 ng µL-1), imidacloprid (LD50 = 12 ng µL-1), dinotefuran (LD50 = 3767 ng µL-1), acetamiprid (3780 ng µL-1) and thiacloprid (4460 ng µL-1). In oral toxicity studies, the LD50 oral (48 hr after feeding) was clothianidin (0.032 ng µL-1) > thiamethoxam (0.309 ng µL-1) > imidacloprid (3.832 ng µL-1) > dinotefuram (5.420 ng µL-1) > acetamiprid (420.00 ng µL-1) > thiacloprid (463.807 ng µL-1). The effect on colony development can be attributed to sub lethal effects affecting the memory and orientation of bees. The foraging activities of the bees were also influenced. To estimate imidacloprid residues in cotton flower, nectariferous tissue, pollen, bee bread and honey, QuEChERS method was modified and validated according to SANTE guidelines. Experiment was conducted at Raja Harindra Singh Seed Farm, Faridkot and Regional Research Station, Bathinda with four treatments: seed treatment (of cotton crop var. LH 2076) with imidacloprid at single and at double the recommended dose, foliar application of imidacloprid 200 SL at flowering stage at single (40 g/ acre) and double the recommended dose (80 g/ acre) and Apis mellifera colonies were placed on the edge of the treated crop. In spray treatments at RHSSF, Fdkt, average initial deposits in flowers were found to be 1.84 and 3.36 mg/kg; 0.22 and 0.56 mg/kg in nectariferous tissue and 0.88 and 1.58 mg/kg in pollen and 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg after 7 days of foliar treatment in unsealed honey and 0 .01 mg/kg at 15 days and 0.01 mg/kg at 21 days after foliar treatment at recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively while at RRS Bathinda, the initial deposits were found to be 1.95 and 3.50 mg/kg in flowers; 0.24 and 0.66 mg/kg in nectariferous tissue, 0.96 and 1.49 mg/kg in pollen and in unsealed and sealed honey were below determination level at 15 and 21 days at recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively. The samples of all the substrates in the seed treated and control plots did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid. The half-life of imidacloprid at recommended dose was 1.18 and 1.17 days in cotton flower, 0.70 and 0.67 days in cotton nectariferous tissue and 0.41 and 0.44 days in cotton pollen at RHSSF, Faridkot and RRS Bathinda, respectively.
Open Access
Ecology and management of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Gunée in brinjal
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Dhaliwal, Navneet Kaur; Aggarwal, Naveen
The studies on effect of constant and alternating temperatures on development, survival and nutritional indices along with carry-over, genetic variability and management of Leucinodes orbonalis Gunée on brinjal were conducted during 2016-2018 at PAU Ludhiana. The duration of egg, larval, pupal and adult stages declined with increase in constant temperature from 15 to 35oC, indicating accelerated development with rising temperature. Favourable temperature range for total development was found to be 20±1 to 35±1oC. Fastest development was recorded at 35±1oC (21.76±0.28 days) and slowest at 20±1oC (60.55±0.23 days). Survival of different stages was highest at intermediate temperatures of 25 to 30oC, with highest overall survival (62.06%) at 30oC. Pupae exposed to constant temperature of 15oC did not develop in to adults as they enter in diapause. Thermal requirements of immature and adult stages ranged from 62.27 to 160.67 degree days (DD) with threshold of 7.97 to 14.32oC. L. orbonalis required 455.24 DD above a threshold of 14.04oC to complete development from egg to adult stage. With increase in alternating temperatures, duration of life stages of L. orbonalis decreased, with shortest total developmental period of 21.17±0.35 days at highest temperature combination of 35:20oC and longest at 20:15oC (33.43±0.33 days). Maximum fecundity (189.22±5.34 eggs/female) was recorded at 25:20oC, while minimum (114.29±3.79 egg/female) at 35:15oC. Effect of six alternating temperatures on nutritional indices of L. orbonalis revealed that consumption index (CI) and growth rate (GR) were highest at 35:20oC with respective values of 2.72±0.07 and 0.333±0.006. On the other hand, approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were highest at 30:20oC with values of 43.42±0.92, 23.51±0.37 and 55.99±1.37 per cent, respectively. Studies on carry-over revealed that ratoon crop was a major source of carry-over of L. orbonalis to the next season, followed by pruned ratoon (cutting with one hoeing) and uprooted brinjal stalks. Eight alternate host plants (4 vegetables; 4 weeds) of the pest were identified during the surveys at farmers’ field. Among these hosts, European black nightshade (Solanum nigrum Linnaeus), potato (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Linnaeus) were found to be the most preferred hosts, while thorneapple (Datura stramonium Linnaeus) was least preferred on the basis of number of infested samples and under free choice conditions. Genetic variability of L. orbonalis population samples could not be ascertained through RAPD primers. Among the four management modules, bio-intensive IPM (BIPM) module (8.40%) had lowest shoot infestation, while farmers practice (20.67%) had the lowest fruit infestation (number basis). Farmer’s practice and BIPM module produced higher yield of marketable fruits of 464.93 and 442.01 q per ha, providing net returns of Rs. 4,77,865/- and Rs. 4,64,201/-, respectively. But B:C ratio among these two modules was higher in case of BIPM module (4.35), while overall, highest B:C ratio of 4.86 was recorded in chemical control.
Open Access
Morphological and biochemical plant characters in relation to resistance against some sucking insect pests in Bt cotton
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Y. Krishnakumari Devi; Vijay Kumar
The studies on morphological and biochemical plant characters in relation to resistance against some sucking insect pests in Bt cotton were carried out at Entomological Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during 2014 and 2015. Experiment on incidence of sucking insect pests on different cotton cultivars, revealed that leafhopper population was significantly higher on Bt cotton cultivar, RCH 773 (4.70 / 3 leaves), whitefly and thrips on Bioseed 6588 (7.47 and 2.47 /3 leaves, respectively). However, lower population of leafhopper, whitefly and thrips was recorded on the desi cotton cultivar, FDK 124 (1.78, 3.25 and 0.83/ 3 leaves, respectively). Incidence of sucking insect pests was also significantly higher at 130 Kg nitrogen as compared to 100 and 65 Kg nitrogen per acre. The population of leafhopper, whitefly and thrips showed significantly positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas evening relative humidity and rainfall has significantly positive correlation with leafhopper only. However, leafhopper and whitefly showed significant positive correlation with evaporation. Sunshine hours showed significant negative correlation with thrips but positive with whitefly. In another experiment on effect of various morphological plant characters revealed significant positive correlation with leafhopper population and gossypol gland on midrib. However, leafhopper, thrips and whitefly showed significant positive correlation with leaf lamina thickness and highly significant positive correlation with leaf area. Among the biochemical plant characters revealed that higher amount of total phenol, flavonols, O-dihydroxy phenol, tannins, total sugar and reducing sugars were recorded in cultivars infested with sucking insect pests over uninfested condition. Significantly higher biochemical content were recorded at lower level of nitrogen (65 Kg) followed by 100 and 130 Kg per acre. Leafhopper population had significant positive correlation with reducing sugar whereas whitefly and thrips with total sugar. However, thrips population showed significantly negative correlation with O-dihydroxy phenol. In another experiment on detection of the presence of Cry toxin revealed that highest amount of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab was detected at 60 days after sowing as compared to 120 days after sowing. Higher expression of Cry toxin was recorded at high level of nitrogen (130 Kg) followed by 100 and 65 Kg. ELISA analysis showed presence of Cry toxin (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) in leafhopper nymphs and whitefly adults fed on Bt cotton cultivars and traces in honeydew excreted by whitefly feeding on Bt cotton cultivars.
Open Access
Evaluation and molecular characterization of hygienic traits in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mohindru, Bharathi; Chhuneja, Pardeep Kumar
Studies on ‘Evaluation and molecular characterization of hygienic traits in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus)’ were conducted at PAU, Ludhiana (India), during 2015-2017. The studies included screening of 100 A. mellifera colonies for comparative hygienic behaviour response, molecular characterization through genome wide and candidate gene based markers for hygienic behaviour, and validation of the selected hygienic colonies against Varroa destructor infestation. Out of the 100 colonies screened, 45 were hygienic, and 55 were non-hygienic out of which 42 were intermediary (71-80% removal of pricked brood) and 13 were the least hygienic (<71% emptying of pricked brood). After 24 h of brood pricking, mean brood removal was 83.65 per cent (range: 80.22-91.0 %) among 45 colonies while it was 73.05 per cent (range: 46.78-79.56%) in the remaining 55 colonies. In the seven selected most hygienic colonies, after 24 h, mean of 91.40 per cent brood was removed (range: 87.22-94.89%), while it was 47.63 per cent (range: 43.56-52.44%) in the three most non-hygienic selected colonies. The hygienic colonies took 20.6 h to express the hygienic trait while the non-hygienic colonies took 44.6 h. After 24 h of V. destructor inoculation into the brood in the hygienic colonies, 93.43 and 95.23 per cent mean of brood removal was recorded during autumn and spring, while in the non-hygienic colonies, it was only 61.90 and 77.24 per cent, respectively, to achieve cent per cent cleaning of cells, the hygienic colonies took a mean of 28 and 25.71 h, while non-hygienic colonies took 50.67 and 47.33 h, during autumn and spring, respectively. The five SSR markers, reported to be linked with hygienic behaviour, showed polymorphism, and did not differentiate the colonies among hygienic and non-hygienic groups. Out of the 40 SSR markers used to study the genetic diversity between the hygienic and non-hygienic colonies, 37 markers were polymorphic; the diversity index value ranged between 0.37-0.92, marker index value between 0.24-6.41 and the PIC value between 0.23-0.77. The clustering pattern between the hygienic and non-hygienic colonies for each of the three brood cycles produced by neighbour-joining dendrogram showed that the ten colonies (7 most hygienic and 3 most non-hygienic) divided into three clusters. The clustering pattern depicting all the three brood cycles together, also consisted of three clusters; cluster I with four hygienic colonies, cluster II with 3 hygienic and 2 non-hygienic colonies and cluster III consisted of one non-hygienic colony. The grouping pattern of all the colonies varied in all the three brood cycles except for two hygienic colonies (6H and 7H) which consistently formed one group. The newly designed 34 gene specific primers amplified all 300 genomic DNA samples from both the types of colonies with no length polymorphism observed between the hygienic and non-hygienic individuals. Sequencing of the three candidate genes revealed no variation, implying these as totally conserved genes. One gene GB19509 showed six differential SNPs between hygienic and non-hygienic colonies.
Open Access
Acaricide resistance and its biochemical and molecular bases in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Rakesh Kumar; Bhullar, Manmeet Brar
Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), has gained importance in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on vegetables in Punjab. Studies were conducted to monitor the magnitude of acaricide resistance in T. urticae, against different acaricides viz., propargite, spiromesifen, fenpyroximate and fenazaquin collected from different vegetable growing areas (Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Malerkotla and Patiala) of Punjab and its mechanism through biochemical and molecular diagnosis. The development of acaricide resistance has been screened in field populations of T. urticae and compared with a laboratory reared susceptible population based on toxicity bioassay using leaf disc dip technique. Patiala population was least susceptible to fenazaquin (RR 24.65) among all tested acaricides while Amritsar population was found to be highly susceptible (RR 6.67) Among all tested acaricides, fenpyroximate (0.00205 – 0.00954 per cent) was found to be the most toxic against all the tested populations except Malerkotla population.Therefore, low to moderate levels of resistance (3.19-24.65 fold) was observed in T. urticae to tested acaricides in Punjab. Biochemical and molecular analysis were done with Fenzaquin selected resistant population that was developed in the laboratory by giving selection pressure with fenazaquin up to 15 generations. Selection with fenazaquin significantly increased the activities of monooxygenases, GST and esterases by 3.21, 1.40 and 1.13-1.27 fold, respectively when compared to susceptible population proving their role in Fenazaquin mediated resistance. Molecular analysis of resistant and susceptible population revealed no changes in genes structure of mtCOI, CYP392A11 and CYP392A12 in the resistant compared to the susceptible population. However, expression profiling of nine different genes associated (CYP392A11, CYP392A12, CYP392A16, CYP392D2, CYP392D3, CYP392D6, CYP392D7, CYP392D8 and CYP392D10p) with METI resistance showed increased mRNA transcripts in CYP392A11, CYP392A12, CYP392D2 and CYP392D10p. The increased MFO activity in the resistant population corresponds to nearly twice fold increase in the expression of CYP392A11 and CYP392A12. The moderate level of resistance observed in the selected population may be attributed to both increased enzyme activity and gene expression. The target site mutation might not have any role in low to moderate level of fenazaquin resistance in mites. Enzyme and mRNA expression has the wide potential to be used as a fast and reliable tool for early detection of resistance against METI acaricides.
Open Access
Studies on bases of resistance in chickpea against gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Ngangom, Uma Devi; Ravinder Singh
Studies on bases of resistance in chickpea against gram pod borer H. armigera (Hübner) were conducted during rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16. Nine interspecific chickpea genotypes were evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. The test genotype, GLW 32 had recorded significantly lowest egg numbers 1.61 and 1.26 and larval populations 1.35 and 1.12 per five plants, lowest pod damage 8.17 and 4.49 per cent, lowest PRSR of 2 and highest grain yield of 1209.67 and 1277.00 kg/ha, during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively. Significantly highest larval and pupal duration and lowest survival were also observed in GLW 32 whereas, test genotypes GLW 8 and GLW 42 were on par with it during both the cropping years. Genotype GLW 32 recorded the lowest leaf damage score, lowest larval and pupal weight during 2014-15 and 2015-16 under detached leaf bioassays. Trichome density and length of non-glandular trichome on leaves showed non-significant and significant but negative correlation with number of eggs, larval population, larval weight, larval survival, per cent pod damage and PRSR. Total phenols, flavonol, o-dihydroxyphenols and tannins were found to be significantly but negatively correlated whereas, total soluble sugars was positively correlated with larval population, larval weight, per cent larval survival, per cent pod damage and PRSR. Among all the interspecific test genotypes, GLW 32 showed best performance biophysically as well as biochemically. So, we can use this genotype in breeding programe to develop resistant variety against H. armigera.
Open Access
Ecological impact of neonicotinoids on arthropod fauna of Bt cotton
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jasjinder Kaur; Vijay Kumar
The studies on ‘Ecological impact of neonicotinoids on arthropod fauna of Bt cotton’ confirmed presence of 78 species of arthropods comprising predators, non-target, casual visitors, sucking pests and pollinators (33.33, 25.64, 19.23, 12.82 and 8.98%) at Bathinda. During 2015, diversity of sucking pests was higher in acetamiprid 20SP and dinotefuran 20SG while it was higher in imidacloprid 17.8SL and thiamethoxam 25WG; acetamiprid 20SP, dinotefuran 20SG and clothianidin 50WDG in 2016 after first, second and third spray. Diversity was lower in imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in both years. In predatory fauna and non targets, higher diversity was recorded in imidacloprid 70WS and thiamethoxam 30FS as compared to other treatments. Diversity of pollinators was higher in imidacloprid 70WS and thiamethoxam 30FS and in recommended doses of other neonicotinoids while it was lower in double doses of neonicotinoids. Mean population of whitefly, thrips, red cotton bug, dusky cotton bug and predatory species was minimum in acetamiprid @ 100 g/ha while jassid was minimum in dinotefuran 20SG @ 250g/ha and pollinators in clothianidin 50 WDG @ 60g/ha. The experiment on development of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi revealed longer larval period in acetamprid 20SP @ 50 g/ha when fed on neonicotinoid treated jassid (13.89 and 13.83 days) and whitefly (13.61 and 12.95 days) while it was minimum in imidaclorpid 70WS during 2015 and 2016, respectively. The number of jassid nymphs and whitefly adults consumed by larva was maximum in imidacloprid 70WS (286.40, 302.13 and 264.93 and 273.20), respectively in both the years whereas it was minimum in acetamprid 20SP @ 50 g/ha (250.47, 278.80 and 224.07, 246.20). The third experiment on ‘Residual effect of neonicotinoids on development of Bemisia tabaci’ revealed significantly higher fecundity in imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 50 g/ha (79.20 and 82.33 eggs/2 pairs) and lower in dinotefuran 20SG @ 125 g/ha (43.13 and 49.07 eggs/2 pairs) during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Minimum nymphal duration was recorded in imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 100 g/ha (12.99 and 12.06) and maximum in dinotefuran 20SG @ 125 g/ha (15.43 and 14.41 days). The growth index was significantly lower in dinotefuran 20SG @ 100 and 125 g/ha (4.26, 4.24 and 4.35, 4.12) during 2015 and 2016, respectively.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILE IN Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) POPULATIONS THROUGH BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Harpreet Kaur Cheema; B. K., KANG
Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations. The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mixed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74- fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types.
Open Access
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF IMIDACLOPRID IN SUGARCANE AND ITS PERSISTENCE IN SOIL
(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Smriti Sharma; Balwinder Singh
The uptake and metabolism of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and confirmed by Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). Total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were found to be 4.97 and 12.99 mg kg-1 in leaves collected 7 days after the application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues declined to below the detectable limit at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. The samples of sugarcane juice and trash did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid residues at harvest. In soil samples total residues of imidacloprid were found to be 4.29 and 7.81 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues could not be detected at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. In laboratory experiment, residues of imidacloprid in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 69.74, 72.66 and 77.20 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of imidacloprid was almost similar in all type of soils. In sterilized soil, Bacillus alkaninitricus was found to be more efficient than B. aerophilus and their consortium while, in unsterilized soil, bacterial consortium proved to be more efficient in imidacloprid degradation.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results