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20136
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILE IN Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) POPULATIONS THROUGH BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Harpreet Kaur Cheema; B. K., KANG
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations. The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mixed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74- fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize.
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Jawala Jindal; Dulcha S., Brar
    The studies on the incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize were conducted during 2011 and 2012 in the Punjab. At Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, shoot fly was recorded as the key pest of this crop, while the incidence of other insect pests of maize was of minor importance. At Ludhiana, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) was observed for the first time on the crop and its highest counts were observed in 3rd (96.06 to 186.08/ sweep) in 2011 and 4th week of April (0.16 to 1.49/ plant) in 2012. The predatory coccinellids were also observed in correspondence to the higher population of L. striatellus during 2011. The maximum egg counts of Atherigona spp. were observed at 10 DAG (0.19 to 0.52 eggs/ plant ) in 2011 and at 17, 7 and 12 DAG (0.15 to 0.79 eggs/ plant ) in end January, mid and end February sown crops, respectively during 2012. The deadhearts due to shoot fly damage were more in end February (11.58 & 17.72 %) followed by mid February (9.73 & 16.85 %) and least in end January sown crop (5.79 & 8.98 %) with grain yield loss of 27.93 & 37.97, 38.21 & 38.66; and 38.99 & 45.04 per cent, respectively during 2011 and 2012. Based on deadhearts incidence, the genotypes JH 3459 (10.49 %) & JH 3956 (10.95 %); CM 143 (15.16 %), PMH 1 (15.35 %) & JH 31244 (16.70 %); and LM 16 (21.48 %), PMH 2 (21.52 %) & Parkash (23.57 %) were found to be least, intermediate and highly susceptible to shoot fly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal. The proportion of deadhearts out of total shoot fly incidence was minimum in JH 3459 & JH 3956.Whereas LM 16, PMH 2 & Parkash had lower larval & pupal periods; and higher larval survival, male & female pupal weight & fecundity. Thus, revealed the presence of tolerance and antibiosis mechanism of plant resistance in test genotypes against A. naqvii. The more leaf length, leaf width, stem girth and reducing sugars content were found related to susceptibility in the test genotypes and thus, could be useful in screening of maize germplasms against A. naqvii. The seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 6 ml/ kg seed was found to be highly effective for the management of shoot fly in the spring sown maize.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    VIRULENCE OF SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES FOR INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Rajwinder Kaur; Vikas Jindal
    The studies on the virulence of symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs were carried out on five EPN strains (N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15 & N-17) isolated form Punjab soils. Bacterial isolates (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) from local EPN strains produced brick red coloured colonies and were non-bioluminescent. The infective juveniles (IJs) of each EPN strain developed into adults within 72 hours, when fed on respective bacterial isolates. This confirmed the association between bacterial isolates and respective EPN strains. The dendrogram developed based on RAPD-PCR analysis established that isolates 2, 4 and 5 are very closely related (94% similarity). However, isolates 1 and 3 (65% similar) are different from other three isolates. Based on sequence homology of 16S rDNA region of all bacterial isolates, the bacterial isolate 1 was identified as Delftia acidovorans, isolate 2 as Brucella spp., isolate 3 as Pectobacterium cypripedii, isolates 4 and 5 as Chryseobacterium indologenes. As all the bacterial isolates were different from most commonly occurring symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus) with EPNs, thus four local EPN strains were identified based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. All local EPN strains showed a maximum identity with new EPN genera viz. Heterorhabditidoides sp. RG081015 (88% similarity) followed by Rhabditis sp. Tumian-2007 and Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis. This is the first record of a new species/genera of EPN isolated from India, which is very closely related to Heterorhabditidoides based on ITS region. In the bioassay experiment, none of the bacterial isolates was found effective for management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) populations through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis
    (PAU, 2013) Cheema, Harpreet Kaur; KANG, B. K.
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations .The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mix ed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74-fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on biological attributes of laboratory and field populations of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Tanwar, Aditya Kumar; Brar, Dulcha S.
    The studies on biological attributes of laboratory and field populations of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize were conducted during kharif season, 2012 in the Punjab. The variation, in important biological characters of 3 different populations i.e. P1 (laboratory population reared for 8 generations under laboratory conditions), P2 (field collected population reared for 3 generations under laboratory conditions) and P3 (field collected population reared only for 1 generation under laboratory conditions); and their response to different maize cultivars (i.e. PMH 1, JH 3459 and CML 67) was studied under laboratory; and field conditions, respectively. The relative susceptibility of these populations to insecticides (i.e. Decis 2.8 EC and Dipel 8L) was also studied under laboratory conditions. The mean incubation, larval and pupal periods (male and female) were highest in P1, intermediate in P2 and lowest in P3 while, the mean per cent hatchability of eggs, per cent pupation, pupal weight (male and female), adult longevity (male and female) and fecundity was highest in P3, intermediate in P2 and lowest in P1. Similarly host plant reaction was also influenced by these populations which showed significant differences in leaf injury rating (LIR). At 20 and 25 days after egg release (DAER), the mean LIR was significantly more for P3 (6.0 and 7.2, respectively) than that for P2 (5.5 and 6.5, respectively) and P1 (4.6 and 5.4, respectively). However at 10 DAER it was 4.3, 4.5 and 3.7, respectively. The P3 also formed more (39.99 %) dead-hearts than that of P2 (26.66 %) and P1 (9.99 %). The interaction between test genotypes and populations varied non-significantly with respect to LIR, and it ranged from 3.5 to 4.9, 4.1 to 6.8 and 4.4 to 7.6 at 10, 20 and 25 DAER, respectively; and the dead-heart formation at 25 DAER ranged from 3.33 to 53.33 per cent. The order of susceptibility of the test populations to Decis 2.8 EC (deltamethrin) and Dipel 8L (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain HD-1) was P1 > P2> P3. The adverse effect on biological attributes of C. partellus showed an increasing trend when it was reared from 1 to 8 generations under laboratory conditions which might have influenced the response of these populations to maize genotypes and their susceptibility to insecticides.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT BORER, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) ON TOMATO
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Sikander Singh Sandhu
    Studies on “Integrated management of fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on tomato” were conducted at Entomological Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana, during rabi season in 2011-12. In the first experiment marigold and coriander were evaluated as trap crops in field cage for H. armigera in tomato. In a dual choice test with five treatments which were replicated five times two varieties each of marigold (Pusa Narangi and Summer Saugat) and coriander (Punjab Sugandh and Local) were evaluated based on ovipositional and larval preference against tomato variety Punjab Upma as control. It was observed that the maximum number of eggs were laid on the two varieties of marigold plants (83.6, 80.8), which were significantly higher than the number of eggs laid on coriander plants (67.6, 60.0), which in turn were significantly higher than those recorded on corresponding tomato plants (42.8, 42.0). In larval preference 24 hrs after release, the highest mean number of larvae (62.4) were recorded on marigold cultivar Pusa Narangi followed closely by the marigold cultivar Summer Saugat (60.8) and the two coriander cultivars, Punjab Sugandh (54.4) and Local (48.4). In second experiment four commercial biopesticides (DiPel, Lipel, Delfin, Biolep)and one local product (PAU Bt) were evaluated against third instar larvae of fruit borer. Delfin was the most effective biopesticide with LC50 of 0.01658 per cent followed by Biolep (0.02716 %), PAU Bt (0.02946 %), DiPel (0.02962 %) and Lipel (0.0382 %). The promising technologies were evaluated in a field trial on integrated control of H. armigera which comprised of seven treatments viz. border row of marigold around tomato crop (T1); border row of coriander around tomato crop (T2); five weekly sprays of Delfin (0.5 Kg/ha) starting from flower initiation stage (T3); marigold + two weekly sprays of Delfin at flower initiation followed by one spray of flubendiamide 480 SC (75 ml/ha) (T4); coriander + two weekly sprays of Delfin at flower initiation followed by one spray of flubendiamide 480 SC (75 ml/ha) (T5); one spray of endosulfan 35 EC (2 L/ha) at flower initiation stage followed by two sprays of cypermethrin 10 EC (500 ml/ha) at fortnightly intervals (T6); and control (T7), which were replicated four times. It was observed that T4 proved to be the most effective treatment, recording the lowest egg (11.62 eggs/10 plants) and larval populations (3.0 larvae/10 plants), minimum fruit damage (3.03 %) and highest yield (82.50 q/ha). It was followed by T1 and T5 with 5.03 and 7.0 per cent fruit damage, respectively. The latter was also at par with T6 (7.75 % borer damaged fruits). The trap crop of coriander (T2) proved the least effective treatment, recording 12.55 per cent borer damaged fruits but it was still significantly superior to control with 26.6 per cent borer damaged fruits.