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2012 - 20135
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2011 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILE IN Spodoptera litura (FABRICIUS) POPULATIONS THROUGH BIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Harpreet Kaur Cheema; B. K., KANG
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations. The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mixed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74- fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF IMIDACLOPRID IN SUGARCANE AND ITS PERSISTENCE IN SOIL
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Smriti Sharma; Balwinder Singh
    The uptake and metabolism of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves and soil were studied following application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1. Samples of sugarcane leaves and soil were collected at various time intervals and analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and confirmed by Liquid Chromatograph –Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). Total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were found to be 4.97 and 12.99 mg kg-1 in leaves collected 7 days after the application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues declined to below the detectable limit at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. The samples of sugarcane juice and trash did not reveal the presence of imidacloprid residues at harvest. In soil samples total residues of imidacloprid were found to be 4.29 and 7.81 mg kg-1 collected 7 days after the application @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. These residues could not be detected at 90 days after the application at both the dosages. In laboratory experiment, residues of imidacloprid in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam after 7 day of its application @ 100 mg kg-1 were found to be 69.74, 72.66 and 77.20 mg kg-1, respectively. The persistence of imidacloprid was almost similar in all type of soils. In sterilized soil, Bacillus alkaninitricus was found to be more efficient than B. aerophilus and their consortium while, in unsterilized soil, bacterial consortium proved to be more efficient in imidacloprid degradation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize.
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Jawala Jindal; Dulcha S., Brar
    The studies on the incidence of insect pests and management of shoot fly, Atherigona spp. in spring sown maize were conducted during 2011 and 2012 in the Punjab. At Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, shoot fly was recorded as the key pest of this crop, while the incidence of other insect pests of maize was of minor importance. At Ludhiana, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) was observed for the first time on the crop and its highest counts were observed in 3rd (96.06 to 186.08/ sweep) in 2011 and 4th week of April (0.16 to 1.49/ plant) in 2012. The predatory coccinellids were also observed in correspondence to the higher population of L. striatellus during 2011. The maximum egg counts of Atherigona spp. were observed at 10 DAG (0.19 to 0.52 eggs/ plant ) in 2011 and at 17, 7 and 12 DAG (0.15 to 0.79 eggs/ plant ) in end January, mid and end February sown crops, respectively during 2012. The deadhearts due to shoot fly damage were more in end February (11.58 & 17.72 %) followed by mid February (9.73 & 16.85 %) and least in end January sown crop (5.79 & 8.98 %) with grain yield loss of 27.93 & 37.97, 38.21 & 38.66; and 38.99 & 45.04 per cent, respectively during 2011 and 2012. Based on deadhearts incidence, the genotypes JH 3459 (10.49 %) & JH 3956 (10.95 %); CM 143 (15.16 %), PMH 1 (15.35 %) & JH 31244 (16.70 %); and LM 16 (21.48 %), PMH 2 (21.52 %) & Parkash (23.57 %) were found to be least, intermediate and highly susceptible to shoot fly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal. The proportion of deadhearts out of total shoot fly incidence was minimum in JH 3459 & JH 3956.Whereas LM 16, PMH 2 & Parkash had lower larval & pupal periods; and higher larval survival, male & female pupal weight & fecundity. Thus, revealed the presence of tolerance and antibiosis mechanism of plant resistance in test genotypes against A. naqvii. The more leaf length, leaf width, stem girth and reducing sugars content were found related to susceptibility in the test genotypes and thus, could be useful in screening of maize germplasms against A. naqvii. The seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 6 ml/ kg seed was found to be highly effective for the management of shoot fly in the spring sown maize.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) populations through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis
    (PAU, 2013) Cheema, Harpreet Kaur; KANG, B. K.
    Evaluation of insecticide resistance profile in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations was done through biological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis. Population from Sangrur was found to be the least susceptible for most of the insecticides, except for chlorpyriphos, chlorantraniliprole and novaluron which were least toxic to population from Bathinda, and pyridalyl which was least toxic to population from Ludhiana. Population from Hoshiarpur was found to be the most susceptible for all insecticides except acephate and pyridalyl to which Bathinda population was most susceptible. Thiodicarb among the conventional group of insecticides and chlorantraniliprole among the newer insecticides were found to be the most toxic against all the test populations .The synergistic effect of TPP (6.16- fold), PBO (3.72- fold) and DEM (1.73- fold) in the least susceptible population suggested the involvement of esterases and mix ed function oxidases in providing resistance to various insecticides. Synergistic effect of PBO (6.21- fold) on the fenvalerate- selected population followed by TPP (5.74-fold) and DEM (1.89- fold) indicated the possible role of mixed function oxidases, esterases and to some extent glutathione S- transferases in imparting resistance to pyrethroids in S. litura. Multiple detoxification enzymes and AChE insensitivity were found to be involved in imparting resistance in S. litura towards various insecticides. Selection with fenvalerate increased the activities of MFOs, esterases and GST by 1.84, 1.73 and 1.3 times in S. litura proving their role in pyrethroid-mediated resistance. Activities of MFO, esterases and insensitivity of AChE can be used as biochemical tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in S. litura. RAPD markers established the presence of inter and intra population variations that might be related to insecticide resistance. Alignment between COI sequences of fenvalerate- selected (SGR-Sel) and susceptible types (SGR) identified existence of a single base/ nucleotide polymorphism at position 421 represented by substitution of T in SGR-Sel with C in SGR type. Based on this polymorphism, COI based specific primers were developed, tested and validated for differentiating amongst these S. litura types
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    Development and management of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. on different fruit crops
    (PAU, 2012) Sandeep Singh; SHARMA, D. R.
    The present study entitled “Development and management of fruit flies, Bactrocera spp. on different fruit crops” was conducted inthe Fruit Entomology Laboratory, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and University Seed Farm, Ladhowal during 2010 and 2011. Studies on development of fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) on different fruit crops showed that guava was the most suitable host followed by Kinnow, pearand peach. Different combinations of temperature and relative humidity did not have any consistent influence on biological parameters. Evaluation of the impact of number of methyl eugenol based mineral water bottle traps (4-16 traps/acre) in male annihilation technique (MAT) in peach, pear, guava and Kinnow revealed that number of traps had a significant impact on the number of males trapped, quality marketable fruits and yield. Maximum males were trapped in guava followed by Kinnow, pear and peach. Four peaks were recorded with the availability of hosts like peach, pear, guava and Kinnow. A total of 1.99 lakh males were trapped (SMW 14 to 45) in these four crops during the year 2010. The present study indicated that availability of host plants had a direct bearing on population of fruit flies but the population was positively correlated with maximum and minimum temperature, whereas rainfall, sunshine and relative humidity had no significant effect on population variation on different crops. The successful control of male fruit flies and highest fruit yield was achieved by using 16 traps/acre in all these crops. Spinosad based bait application technique (BAT) comprising of a mixture of protein hydrolysate (0.1%) and spinosad (0.03%) was an appropriate treatment for the management of female fruit flies on pear and guava. Application of new IPM Module involving cultural practices, sanitation, MAT (16 traps/acre) and BAT (a mixture of protein hydrolysate (0.1%) and spinosad 0.03%) had successfully reduced the fruit fly population/infestation on pear, guava and Kinnow crops. Adults of parasitoid, Biosteres (Chilocaudatus) longicaudatus Ashmead emerged from fruit fly infested peach, pear, guava and Kinnow fruits.