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ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of isatin based Schiff bases and their evaluation as antifungal agents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Loomba, Shivani; Utreja, DivyaSix new Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by reacting isatin with different aromatic amines. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Visible, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, IR spectral studies and micro analytical data. The resulted compounds had also been evaluated for their antifungal activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria sp. Chlorine substituted Schiff bases had shown significant antifungal activity as compared to other Schiff bases of isatin.ThesisItem Open Access Chromium adsorption studies on synthesized magnetite activated carbon nanocomposites(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaskiran Kaur; Manpreet KaurAdsorptive properties of synthesized magnetite activated carbon nanocomposites are investigated for the facile removal of Cr (VI) ions from water. Fe3O4 NPs and its nanocomposites with activated carbon were characterized by X-ray diffractiion pattern (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) surface area analysis as analytical tools. TEM images revealed the agglomerated spherical morphology of Fe3O4NPs and nanocomposites. A comparative analysis of the Fe3O4 NPs, nanocomposites and activated carbon for the removal of Cr (VI) ions from water was carried out by batch method and Cr (VI) content was estimated spectrophotometrically. The effect of operating parameters including adsorbent dose, temperature, contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration of Cr (VI) were studied. Optimum pH for adsorption was 2. Values of ∆Go, ∆H˚ and ∆S˚ were found to be negative for all adsorbents, indicating exothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption process The trend for the Cr (VI) ions percentage removal in the ascending order was Fe3O4 NPsThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, characterization and microbial activity of novel schiff bases of o-phenylenediamine(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gaganpreet Kaur; Sharma, SunitaSchiff bases are the subject of extensive interest due to their versatile applications and similarity of structure with natural biological compounds. N- substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (I-V) and N, N'-bis substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines (VI-X) were synthesized by reacting different aldehydes with o-phenylenediamine in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide (10%) by taking 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratio respectively. Physical data of all the synthesized compounds was recorded. All the compounds were characterized by their IR and 1H NMR spectra and were evaluated for microbial activity against Psuedomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp. and Fusarium oxysporum. at different concentrations. The N, N'-bis substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines were found to be more effective than N- substituted benzylidene benzene-1,2-diamines. The compound VIII with halogen substitution at para position was found to be more effective than all other compounds. The other halogenated compounds followed the order Br > Cl > F. All the compounds were found to be less effective than the standard ampicillin and carbendazim (bavistin) at all the concentrations.ThesisItem Restricted Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Mandeep Kaur; Chahal, K.K.The present investigation deals with Fractionation of bay leaf oil and its bioefficacy against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The bay leaf essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty one compounds. Eugenol, α-Pinene, isoeugenol, caryophyllene and 1,8-Cineole were the major compounds present in bay leaf essential oil. The essential oil was fractionated into its non-polar and polar fractions by column chromatography. α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole and eugenol were isolated from bay leaf oil. Campholenic aldehyde was prepared from α-pinene and eugenol epoxide was prepared from eugenol using different reagents. The compounds isolated and derivatized were identified using FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The nematicidal activity of bay leaf oil, its fractions, compounds isolated and derivatized was evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita at different concentrations viz.0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 mg ml-1 for egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality studies. Bay leaf oil, polar fraction and eugenol were found to be very active against. M. incognita whereas αPinene and non-polar fraction showed less activityThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and characterization of copper sulfide nanoparticles and evaluation of their antifungal potential(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Heena; AnjaliCopper sulfide nanoparticles in aqua-dispersed form were prepared by reaction of copper ions with different sulfide sources by sonochemical irradiation method. The products were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). All the synthesized samples of nanoparticles were screened for their in vitro antifungal potential against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Drechslera oryzae, Alternaria alternata, Ustilago tritici and Ustilagonoidea virens by spore germination technique, using Propiconazole and Carboxin + Thiram as a standard for comparison of the results. The prepared samples exhibited excellent broad spectrum inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, at concentration as low as 10 g/ml, which was multifold lower than the standards used.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and antifungal potential of copper fluoro carbamodithioates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpreet Kaur; AnjaliNovel fluorinated carbamodithioato Cu(II) complexes were synthesized by one pot two step reaction protocol by the reaction of anilines with carbon disulfide followed by the addition of copper chloride. The synthesized Cu(II) complexes were analysed by CHN analysis, titrometric methods and spectral techniques. Their physical characterization colour and melting point were noted. All the synthesized organic complexes were screened for their in vitro antifungal potential against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Puccinia hordei and Puccinia striiformis by spore germination technique, using Propiconazole as positive control for comparison of the results. The complex 1a (tetraaquaphenylcarbamodithioatocopper(II) chloride) had inflicted highest fungitoxic potential against all the test fungi.ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry and insecticidal potential of (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Singla, Nancy; Chahal, K.K.The present investigation deals with Chemistry and insecticidal potential of ajwain seed (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). The ajwain seed essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of forty seven compounds with thymol as the major component. Ajwain seed essential oil was subjected to column chromatography to have non-polar and polar fractions and thymol was isolated using dichloromethane as the eluent. Thymol was subjected to reaction with acetic anhydride, n-bromopropane and NH4NO3/KHSO4 which resulted in formation of thymyl acetate, thymyl propyl ether and o- Nitro thymol. Thymol on reaction with diazonium salt undergoes coupling reaction resulting in formation of azo compounds. Thymol and its derivatives were characterised on the basis of melting point, TLC, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy. Ajwain seed essential oil, its fractions, thymol and its derivatives were tested for their bioefficacy against adults of Sitophilus oryzae at the concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg g-1. The observations of mortality were noted after every 24 hours till complete or constant mortality was obtained. The corrected per cent mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. The repellent assay was also carried out at same concentrations which showed that all the compounds tested showed attractancy at lower concentration and repellency at higher concentration. The ajwain essential oil was not very effective as antifeedant at 2.0 mg g-1 concentration. Thymol was found to be most potent as a stored grain protectant.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of halogenated chalcones and their antifungal evaluation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sarao, Navjot Singh; Sidhu, AnjaliChalcone is a generic term used to describe compounds with the 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one framework. On synthetic ground, chalcones are synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction which involved the base mediated reaction of andifferent aldehydeswith different ketone in presence of strong bases like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. In the present study, series of novel halogenated chalcones (1-14) were synthesized through ClaisenSchmidt condensation reaction between different halogenated aldehydes and α, β-unsaturated halogenated ketonesunder basic conditions. The synthesized compounds were formulated as nano aqua emulsions using oleic acid as oil phase with Tween 20 as surfactant,under ultrasonic irradiation. Antifungal activity of prepared chalcone nanoemulsions was tested against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Pyriculriagrisea, Dreschslera oryzae, Colletotrichum falcatum and Ustilago hordei. The results indicated that the various synthesized halogenated chalcones showed mild activity against various fungi.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of indole derivatives and their evaluation against root knot nematode(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaskirat Kaur; Utreja, DivyaEight new 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(aryl)-2-oxoacetamide amine based indole derivatives were synthesized. Halogen and nitro group containing aromatic amines were used for substitution in the indole moiety to understand the scope of electron withdrawing group attached to the aromatic ring. Microanalytical data, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, D2O, FT-IR and XRD were used to characterize the synthesized derivatives. The indole derivatives had also been screened for their nematicidal activity against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Two laboratory experiments, hatching and mortality were conducted to check the efficacy of synthesized compounds. Chlorine substituted indole derivatives had shown significant nematicidal activity comparative to other indole derivatives.