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ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry and biological activity of flavonoids from zest and pith of kinnow peel(Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2016) Manmeet Kaur; Uppal, S.K.Different extracts from zest (flavedo, orange part) and pith (albedo, white part) of kinnow peel were prepared by three extraction procedures i.e. conventional, ultrasonic assisted extraction and soxhlet extraction methods using different solvents (hexane, benzene, isopropylalcohol, ethylacetate and acetone). Soxhlet extraction method was found to be the best method giving maximum total phenolic and flavonoid content for kinnow zest extracts in isopropylalcohol solvent with values 40.41 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g-1 dry weight (DW) and 6.07 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) g-1 DW, respectively whereas the values were found to be 37.34 mg GAE g-1 DW and 5.08 mg QE g-1 DW, respectively in kinnow pith extracts. The yields of hesperidin isolated from zest and pith of kinnow peel were found to be 0.6 and 1.4%, respectively. Whereas, yields of naringin were found to be 0.032 and 0.05% from zest and pith of kinnow peel, respectively. Aglycone forms, methylated and acetylated derivatives of isolated compounds were prepared which were identified by melting point, TLC, FT-IR and 1HNMR data. All zest and pith extracts, isolated compounds, their aglycone forms and derivatives were investigated for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity using 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a standard and antibacterial activity by disc plate method against Bacillus aryabhattai, Acinetobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. using tetracycline as standard. Among all the extracts, isopropylalcohol extract showed highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities, whereas among different isolated and synthesized compounds, aglycone forms were found to be more effective than isolated compounds.