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Subject: Chemistry × Author: Kamaldeep Kaur × End date: 2014 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    henolic compounds and flavonoids from kinnow peel and their microbial activity
    (Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 2014) Kamaldeep Kaur; Uppal, S.K.
    The objectives of the study were to determine phenolics in kinnow peel and to determine its antimicrobial potential. The effect of different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Isopropyl alcohol, Dichloromethane and Petroleum ether) for extraction of phenolics were studied. Further, the extraction was done by two methods- Soxhlet extraction and Conventional extraction. Results revealed that yield of kinnow peel extract were higher with methanol i.e. 54.0%, whereas 2.3% in case of petroleum ether extract with Soxhlet extraction. The total phenolic content ranged from 2.37 to 42.78 mg/g DW and total flavonoid content ranged from 0.39 to 5.40 mg/g DW in petroleum ether and ethanolic extract, respectively. Hesperidin which is a dominant flavanone in citrus was isolated and investigated for its antimicrobial potential. Hesperidin was isolated by extracting the peel powder first with petroleum ether and then with methanol and it was confirmed by TLC, IR and 1H NMR. Acetylated Hesperidin was synthesized by reaction of hesperidin with glacial acetic acid and it was identified by TLC and IR spectra. Antimicrobial activity of different kinnow peel extracts, hesperidin and acetylated hesperidin was done by disc plate method against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The highest antimicrobial activity was shown by isopropyl alcohol extract with diameter of zone of inhibition of 17mm, 15mm and 16mm at 2500 µg/disc against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively. Hesperidin was found to be less effective than its derivative. Results showed that all extracts, hesperidin and its derivative could be used as antimicrobial agents except petroleum ether extract. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were evaluated for all extracts, hesperidin and its derivative. The lowest MIC value was obtained for isopropyl alcohol extract i.e.100 µg/disc, 120 µg/disc and 125 µg/disc, whereas MIC value was highest in case of dichloromethane extract i.e. 400 µg/disc, 425 µg/disc and 450 µg/disc against Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. respectively.