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2014 - 20182
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Subject: Chemistry × Author: Gaba, Jyoti × Start date: 2011 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Chemical derivatization and biological evaluation of major constituent of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gaba, Jyoti; Sharma, Sunita
    Ajwain is a herbal plant with important medicinal properties. In the present study, chemical composition of essential oil of two types of ajwain seeds (small and bold) has been determined with GC-MS analysis. Thymol (72.03, 71.80%) was found to be the major constituent followed by γ-terpinene (13.53%) and p-cymene (14.16%) in small and bold seeds respectively. Proximate composition studies estimated percentage of nutrients viz. protein (15.01, 12.81), total minerals (12.28, 6.26), moisture (30.90, 6.67), fat (6.10, 13.05), fibre (21.50, 25.30) and carbohydrates (31.21, 35.91) in small and bold seeds respectively. Specific mineral composition analysis showed phosphorus (0.13, 0.126) and potassium (1.03, 1.09) in per cent whereas Fe (560, 221), Zn (59.60, 56.40), Cu (2.30, 3.80) and Mn (76.80, 61.30) were detected in ppm. Various phytochemicals viz alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenols, chalcones and glycosides were present in different solvent extracts in both types of ajwain. Out of thymol and ajwain oil, former was found to be more effective antioxidant at all the tested concentrations. Different derivatives of thymol viz. formylated thymol (II), chalcone (III), pyrazoline derivatives (IV-VIII), dihydropyrimidinone (IX), mannich bases (X-XII), azo derivatives (XIII-XVIII), imine derivatives (XIX-XXI), thymol hydrazide (XXII), oxadiazole derivative (XXIII), triazole derivative (XXIV), hydrazones (XXV-XXVII), β-lactam derivatives (XXVIII-XXX) were synthesized. All synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Ajwain essential oil, thymol and its derivatives were screened for antifungal activity against fungi viz. Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, Dreschlera maydis and insecticidal activity against stored grain pest of chickpea Callosobruchus chinensis. Compounds II, XX and XXI were found to be the most effective compounds against all three tested fungi and insect. None of the synthesized compounds exhibited better antifungal activity as compared to standards.
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    Synthesis and microbial activity of pyrazolines and their derivatives
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Gaba, Jyoti; Sharma, Sunita
    Claisen Schmidt reaction of different aromatic aldehydes with acetone gave α,β-unsaturated ketones which on further reaction with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of glacial acetic acid afforded pyrazolines. Acids viz. acetic acid and propanoic acid were treated with thionyl chloride to give respective acid chlorides which were then reacted with synthesized pyrazolines using triethylamine as catalyst in dry dichloromethane to give respective Nacetylated pyrazolines and N-propanoylated pyrazolines. Pyrazolines and N-substituted pyrazolines were characterized by their IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. All the synthesized pyrazolines and N-substituted pyrazolines were screened for their microbial activity against Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobactor sp. and Klebsiella sp. Pyrazolines having substitution on benzene ring exhibited lower MIC values than pyrazolines having no substitution on benzene ring for all tested bacteria. All pyrazolines and Nsubstituted pyrazolines exhibited less activity than standard ampicillin at all the tested concentrations. None of the compounds exhibited activity at 100 µg/ml and all the compounds showed significant differences among themselves at all the concentrations. All Nacetylated and N-propanoylated pyrazolines having substitution of methoxy group at meta position and hydroxy group at para position of benzene ring were found effective against Bacillus sp., Acinetobactor sp. and Pseudomonas sp. but not against Klebsiella sp. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising to moderate activity against all the microbes.