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Subject: Chemistry × Author: Gaba, Jyoti × Start date: 1980 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Chemical derivatization and biological evaluation of major constituent of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gaba, Jyoti; Sharma, Sunita
    Ajwain is a herbal plant with important medicinal properties. In the present study, chemical composition of essential oil of two types of ajwain seeds (small and bold) has been determined with GC-MS analysis. Thymol (72.03, 71.80%) was found to be the major constituent followed by γ-terpinene (13.53%) and p-cymene (14.16%) in small and bold seeds respectively. Proximate composition studies estimated percentage of nutrients viz. protein (15.01, 12.81), total minerals (12.28, 6.26), moisture (30.90, 6.67), fat (6.10, 13.05), fibre (21.50, 25.30) and carbohydrates (31.21, 35.91) in small and bold seeds respectively. Specific mineral composition analysis showed phosphorus (0.13, 0.126) and potassium (1.03, 1.09) in per cent whereas Fe (560, 221), Zn (59.60, 56.40), Cu (2.30, 3.80) and Mn (76.80, 61.30) were detected in ppm. Various phytochemicals viz alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenols, chalcones and glycosides were present in different solvent extracts in both types of ajwain. Out of thymol and ajwain oil, former was found to be more effective antioxidant at all the tested concentrations. Different derivatives of thymol viz. formylated thymol (II), chalcone (III), pyrazoline derivatives (IV-VIII), dihydropyrimidinone (IX), mannich bases (X-XII), azo derivatives (XIII-XVIII), imine derivatives (XIX-XXI), thymol hydrazide (XXII), oxadiazole derivative (XXIII), triazole derivative (XXIV), hydrazones (XXV-XXVII), β-lactam derivatives (XXVIII-XXX) were synthesized. All synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Ajwain essential oil, thymol and its derivatives were screened for antifungal activity against fungi viz. Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, Dreschlera maydis and insecticidal activity against stored grain pest of chickpea Callosobruchus chinensis. Compounds II, XX and XXI were found to be the most effective compounds against all three tested fungi and insect. None of the synthesized compounds exhibited better antifungal activity as compared to standards.