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Optimizing sub-surface drip fertigation system for better productivity and resource use efficiency of cotton-wheat cropping system
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Vaddula Yamini; Kulvir Singh
Sustainability concerns have loomed over cotton-wheat cropping system (CWCS) as conventional irrigation and fertilization methods have been resulting in huge wastage of water besides leaching of nutrients. This has stimulated an interest in sub-surface drip fertigation (SSDF), which could serve as transformative solution offering precise nutrient and water delivery to the crop. Therefore, a two-year field study was conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at PAU, Regional Research Station, Faridkot to optimize lateral depth, emitter spacing and fertigation scheduling for sub-surface drip fertigated cotton-wheat cropping system. Experiment was laid out in a Split-Plot Design with a combination of lateral depths (25 ± 2.5 cm and 30 ± 2.5 cm) and emitter spacings (30 and 40 cm) in main plots and fertigation schedules [100% N (112.5 kg ha-1) and 125% N in 10 and 14 equal splits (cotton); 80 and 100% NP (100:50 kg NP ha-1) in 08 & 10 equal splits (wheat)] in sub plots. Two additional control treatments i.e., (surface flood irrigation with 100% RDF through manual broadcasting of fertilizers and SSDF at 20 ± 2.5 cm depth, 20 cm emitter spacing, and 100% RD N for cotton, and 80% RD NP for wheat) were also studied. Placing sub-surface drip laterals at 25 ± 2.5 cm and emitter spacing of 30 cm increased seed cotton yield by 15.4 and 8.7 per cent, and wheat grain yield by 7.7 and 3.7 per cent, respectively as compared with the deeper lateral placement (30 ± 2.5 cm) and wider emitter spacing (40 cm). Among fertigation levels, application of 125% N in 14 equal splits recorded 18.6 per cent higher SCY (3432.2 kg ha-1) over 100% N delivered in 10 equal splits (2895.1 kg ha-1). The productivity of CWCS under SSDF was improved by 18.6 per cent, when cotton and wheat were fertigated with 125% N in 14 equal splits and 100% NP in 10 equal splits, respectively in comparison to 100% N applied in 10 equal splits (cotton) and 80% NP application in 08 equal splits (wheat). Sub-surface drip fertigation with 125% N in 14 equal splits improved net returns by 49.7-54.2 per cent, besides saving 57.4-58.8 per cent of irrigation water relative to surface flood irrigation in cotton. Whereas, fertigation with 100% NP in 10 equal splits improved net returns by 21.6-16.2 per cent, additionally saving irrigation water by 45.9-47.7 per cent as compared with surface flood irrigation in wheat. Furthermore, lateral placement (25 ± 2.5 cm), emitter spacing (30 cm), and higher fertigation level [125% N in 14 equal splits (cotton) and (100% NP in 10 equal splits (wheat)] improved crop, irrigation and total water productivity indices by 1.3, 3.1, and 2.1 folds, respectively as compared with surface flood, accentuating the inefficient use of applied water by surface flood method of irrigation. These findings elucidated that SSDF with lateral placement of 25 ± 2.5 cm, emitter spacing of 30 cm, and N fertigation of 125% N (140 kg N ha-1) in 14 equal splits (cotton); 100% NP (125: 62.5 kg NP ha-1) in 10 equal splits (wheat) could be a novel and sustainable water-savvy concept in improving the growth and productivity of cotton-wheat cropping system in North-Western India.
Open Access
Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
Open Access
Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
Open Access
Optimizing irigation schedule for wheat (Triticun aestivıum L) through field and simulation studies
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2021) Sukhpreet Singh; Brar, AS
The present study "Optimizing irrigation schedule for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.y" through field and simulation studies" was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ropar during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Experiment I was conducted in split plot design, keeping factorial combinations of three sowing dates 2s" October (D), 10" November (D,) and 25" November (D)}and two cultivars {Unnat PBW 550 (V) and PBW 725 (V)} in main plots and four irrigation schedules {irigation at CuluAo (L.) 50 (1) and PAU recommended irrigation schedule (L4)} in sub plots. The results revealed that J0d decreased by 8.2 and 3.8% from D, to D, and 18.0 and 11.5% from D, to D, during 2017-18 and 110 respectively. The correspondıng figures for Ropar were 6.1 and 1.3% and 17.6 and 12.5% during 017.18 and 2018-19, respectively. The variety PBW 725 produced 9.5 and 11.6% higher yield as compared Unnat PBW 550 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively at Ludhiana and 9.8 and 11.5% at Ropar. respectively. However, the results showed the variety Unnat PBW 550 performed better under late sown conditions as compared to PBW 725. The highest grain yield was obtained in I, which was significantly better than all other depletion-based irigation treatments but statistically at par with L4. The grain yield in I, was 31.4 and 28.5% higher as compared to I; during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively whereas at Ropar it was 314 and 43.1%, respectively. The grain yield and ETc in I, and LĻ were at par, but crop and apparent water productivity was significantly higher in I, as compared to CP. The DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well [as revealed by high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the days to anthesis (r=0.95 and 0.92; RMSE-4.27 and 4.99 days; MAPE-3.60 and 4.20%), maturity (r-0.96 and 0.94; RMSE-6.02 and 7.51 days; MAPE=3.41 and 4.35%), leaf area index (r=0.92 and 0.84; RMSE-0.16 and 0.15; MAPE=4.58 and 4.50%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.96; RMSE=133.3 and 214.6 kg ha'; MAPE=2.66 and 4.87%), biological yield (r-0.92 and 0.93, RMSE=130.6 and 397.1 kg ha': MAPE=1.12 and 2.87%), ETc (r-0.95 and 0.91; RMSE=114 and 10.2 mm; MAPE-3.31 and 3.18%) and CWP (-0.88 and 0.85, RMSE-0.07 and 0.09 kg ha'; MAPE-4.50 and 5.60%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experiment II was also conducted in split plot design, keeping three irigation timings {three irrigations at crown root initiation, booting and milking (CBM); four irigations at crown root initiation, tillering, flowering and milking (CTFM) and five irrigations at crown root initiation, tillering, booting, flowering and dough (CTBFD)} in main plots and factorial combinations of 3 depths of first ITigation {65 mm (F): 75 mm (F.) and 85 mm (F)} and 3 depths of subsequent irigations {55 mm (S): 65 mm (S.) and 75 mm (S)} in sub plots. There was significant increase in grain yield, apparent and crop water productivity when number of irigations were increased from 3 in CBM to 5 in CTBFD. The grain yield increased significantly when depth of first irrigation was increased from 65 to 75 mm whereas further increase Tesulted in numeric increase only. Similarly, the effect of depth of subsequent irigations was significant only p tO 0 mm. The grain yield was maximum in the treatment CTBFD with 75 mm depth of first irrigation but S Was Statistically at par with the treatment CTBFD with 55 and 65 mm irrigation depth of first irrigation. e DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well in simulating the days to anthesis (RMSE-1.19 and 1.94 days; 1MAPE-0.94 and 1.799%), maturity (RMSE=1.59 and 1.86 days: MAPE=0.90 and 1.02%), leaf area index na 0.86; RMSE-0.39 and 0.,13: MAPE=2.33 and 3.43%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.98; RMSE=160.6, Kg ha ; MAPE=3.43 and 3.51%), biological yield (r-0.93 and 0.95; RMSE494.0 and 362.7 kg ha PEF3.63 and 2.86%). ETc (r=0 94 and 0.96: RMSE=8.28 and 11.73 mm; MAPE-2.34 and 3.49%o) and TesU.04 and 0.79; RMSE-0.12 and 0.14 mm: MAPE=8.03 and 9.18%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The study finally concluded that simulation modelling along with field experimentation may help in determining , optimum sowing time of different cultivars and optimizing irigation water use in wheat.
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Response of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to phosphorus management and growth regulators
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Amanpreet Singh; Aulakh, C.S.
The present study entitled “Response of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to phosphorus management and growth regulators” was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Research Farm, School of Organic Farming, PAU, Ludhiana and Farmer’s Field, Jalandhar. The soils of the experimental field at Ludhiana and Jalandhar were loamy sand and sandy loam with high and medium levels of available phosphorus, respectively. The experiments on phosphorus management were conducted at Research Farm, School of Organic Farming, PAU, Ludhiana and Farmer’s field, Jalandhar in split plot design with three replications and three main plot treatments [organic sources- Control, Biofertilizer (Biof) and Farmyard manure (FYM)] and five subplot treatments [Fertilizer P – 0%, 75%, 100%, 150% and 200% of recommended dose (62.5 kg P2O5 ha-1)]. The application of FYM at 50 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, productivity, seed size (35-45mm) tuber yield and economic returns during both the years at Ludhiana and Jalandhar. At Ludhiana, FYM application resulted in 35.8 and 34.4 percent increase in seed-size tuber yield (95.9 and 113.6 q ha-1) as compared to unfertilized control during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Tuber quality attributes (except TSS and non-reducing sugars) were also significantly higher with the application of FYM as compared to biof and control. The application of FYM had significant positive influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) and available P. The significantly lower disease incidence and aphid population were observed with FYM. The biof also performed significantly better than the unfertilized control in terms of growth, yield and quality attributes. The significantly higher growth attributes, total tuber yield, seed size (35-45mm) tuber yield, tuber quality attributes, nutrient uptake and economic returns were observed with 125 kg P2O5 ha-1 (200% P) but were statistically at par with 93.8 kg P2O5 ha-1 (150% P) at both the locations during both the years. At, Jalandhar, higher level of fertilizer P, 125 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in 13.4 and 14.5 percent higher seed-size tuber yield than 93.8 kg P2O5 ha-1 during both the years. Soil pH, EC, SOC, available N and available K, were not influenced significantly by different levels of P. The significantly lower disease and aphid incidence were recorded with 125 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to all the other treatments except 93.8 kg P2O5 ha-1 during both the years at both the locations. The experiment to study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth, productivity and quality of seed potato was conducted at Ludhiana in randomized complete block design with three replications and 11 treatments i.e., Control, IBA (100 ppm), IBA (200 ppm), NAA (25 ppm), NAA (50 ppm), Ethrel (25 ppm), Ethrel (50 ppm), GA3 (100 ppm), GA3 (200 ppm), jeevamrit and wastedecomposer. The increase in seed-size tuber yield with GA3 (200 ppm) as compared to the control was 51.8 and 39.0 percent during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Significantly higher yield attributing characters and seed size (35-45 mm) and total tuber yields were obtained with foliar application of GA3 (200 ppm) at 45 and 60 days after sowing during both the years. It improved tuber quality (except TSS, ascorbic acid and non-reducing sugars) and gave the highest B:C ratio. The net returns were higher for GA3 (200 ppm) [` 302.0 thousand ha-1 and 361.2 thousand ha-1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively] due to higher seed as well as total tuber yield. Significantly lower post-harvest losses than all the other treatments were observed with foliar application of GA3 (200 ppm). The significantly lower late blight incidence was observed with GA3 (200 ppm).
Embargo
Evaluation of different components of livestock based integrated farming system for enhancing farmers’ income
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Kartik; Walia, S.S.
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of different components of livestock based integrated farming system for enhancing farmers’ income” was carried out at Students’ Research Farm, School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two consecutive years (2019-20 and 2020-21). Under this broad investigation, four sub experiments were planned and conducted. For the first experiment on maize-wheat-summer moong cropping system, fourteen treatments comprised of different combination of organic and inorganic nutrition along with or without residue retention were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Initially, the soil was loamy sand, slightly alkaline pH (7.79), low in organic carbon (0.35%) and available N (173.9 kg ha-1), medium in available P (18.2 kg ha-1) and K (111.3 kg ha-1). The results revealed that during 2019-20, application of 25% N through FYM + 75% RDF with residue recorded significantly higher maize grain equivalent yield (141.7 q ha-1), higher net returns (` 169318 q ha-1) and B:C (1.62), whereas, during 2020-21, significantly higher maize grain equivalent yield (147.5 q ha-1), higher net returns (` 18704 ha-1) and B:C (1.75) were obtained with the application of 50% N through FYM + 50% RDF with residue. Furthermore, application of 100 % N through FYM along with residue retention resulted in significantly higher available soil NPK, microbial count and enzymatic activity thus, maximising the soil fertility status. The second experiment was designed for the evaluation of livestock-based farming system model involving six different fodder-based cropping system which were laid in randomised complete block design and replicated thrice. The soil was loamy sand having slightly alkaline pH (7.79), medium in organic C (0.40%), low in available N (142.3 kg ha-1), high in available P (25.1 kg ha-1) and medium in available K (174.3 kg ha-1). The results showed that among different cropping systems, bajra - (maize+cowpea) - (berseem+rye grass) exhibited significantly higher basmati rice equivalent yield (198.4 q and 196.3 q ha-1 in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively) but found statistically at par with the cropping system of bajra - (maize+cowpea) - (maize+cowpea) - oats. Moreover, oats and mixed cropping of berseem+rye grass (as components of cropping systems) were recorded with higher quality parameters viz. NDF, ADF, cell content and hemicellulose. The third experiment was planned to identify the suitable horticulture-based farming system for higher productivity and profitability. Different intercrops (vegetable/flowers) were grown in between pear orchard at Farmers’ field, Tarn Taran, Punjab and results revealed that during early season of both the years, coriander recorded significantly higher green pea equivalent yield (179.7 q and 169.1 q ha-1, respectively), however during the main season of 2019-20, palak gave significantly higher green pea equivalent yield (166.3 q ha-1) and during 2020-21, coriander was recorded significantly higher green pea equivalent yield (157.3 q ha-1). To capture the heterogeniety present among livestock farmers practicing different agricultural practices, resource characterization survey of Patiala and Taran districts of Punjab was conducted through detailed surveying of 95 households. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis, four farm clusters were identified based on their characteristics and farm resources i.e., Cluster 1 (8.4 %), Cluster 2 (62.1 %), Cluster 3 (20.0 %) and Cluster 4 (9.5 %).
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Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet Kaur; Tarundeep Kaur
The study ―Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.‖, consisted of two field and one pot experiment. Expt I: Integrated weed management in relation to paddy straw levels, nitrogen rates in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with paddy straw levels i.e. 0 t ha-1 , 7.5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw in main plots, nitrogen doses i.e. 100 % , 125 % and 150 % recommended nitrogen in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop propargyl 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Significant reduction in viable weed seeds and density of Phalaris minor, Medicago denticulata and Rumex dentatus was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 than 0 t ha-1. An increase of 9.3 & 8.1 % and 9 & 5.9 % in grain yield was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw level than 0 t ha-1 paddy straw level during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Grain yield slightly enhanced with increasing 100 to 125 % recommended nitrogen and started decreasing with further increasing nitrogen to 150 % recommended nitrogen. Lower density of weeds and higher grain yields (38.1-51.3%) were produced in metribuzin + clodinafop (pre-mix) at 270 g ha-1 than without herbicide. Expt II: Integrated weed management with crop establishment methods and row spacing in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with crop establishment methods i.e. mechanically transplanted rice and manual transplanted rice in main plots, row spacing i.e. 18.25 cm (7.3 inches) and 22.5 cm (9 inches) in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control), pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 (PRE), metsulfuron 10% + carfentrazone 40% at 25 g ha-1 (POST) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Closer row spacing of 18.25 cm had better smothering effect on weeds and gave 9.2 and 12.5% increased grain yields than row spacing of 22.5 cm. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 reduced grass and broad leaf weeds effectively. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone at 25 g ha-1 managed broad leaf weeds efficiently but it did not control grass weeds and their biomass. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 gave higher grain and straw yield than without herbicide. Expt III: Characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor was carried out using five post emergence herbicides viz clodinafop, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and isoproturon, and three pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin, pendimethalin+metribuzin and pyroxasulfone at 0, 0.25X, 0.50X, X, 2X and 4X doses of recommended field use of herbicides with three replications tested against 95 populations of Phalaris minor alongwith two susceptible population. It was found that 13 populations had homozygous resistant alleles (404bp band), 41 populations had homozygous sensitive alleles (169 and 235 bp band) whereas 12 populations had heterozygous resistant alleles (169, 235 and 404bp band). T to A nucleotide transversion was observed in amplfied region of ACC gene which is responsible for resistance to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase enzyme in Phalaris minor. Non-enzymatic antioxidant components and antioxidant enzymes played an important role in defence mechanism of Phalaris minor resistant populations under herbicide stress. H2O2 produced during the oxidative stress was detoxified in resistant Phalaris minor populations either by peroxidase enzyme and/or catalase enzyme and/or ascorbate peroxodase and/or glutathione reductase in combination of two or more enzymes along with superoxide dismutate enzyme.
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In situ microbial decomposition of rice residue through integrated nitrogen management under conservation tillage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Rajbir Singh; Jayesh Singh
The present investigation entitled “In situ microbial decomposition of rice residue through integrated nitrogen management under conservation tillage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was carried out for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at two locations viz. Ludhiana and Ladhowal. Experiment I was laid out with 3 replications in split plot design, consisting of six nitrogen management options to hasten the microbial decomposition i.e. N1- no application of N i.e. control, N2- N120, N3- N120+ 3% urea spray on in-situ rice residue after harvesting paddy, N4- N120 (25% of total N added through FYM on rice residue just after paddy harvest and 75% N added through urea to the succeeding wheat), N5- N150+ 3% urea spray on in-situ rice residue after harvesting paddy and N6- N150 (25% of total N through FYM and 75% N through urea to the succeeding wheat) in main plots and four microbial sprays on in-situ rice residue after paddy harvest i.e. uninoculated control (M1), Aspergillus sp. (M2), Delftia sp. (M3) and consortia (Aspergillus sp.+ Delftia sp.) (M4) in sub plots. Experiment II was laid out in RBD with 3 replications consisting of ten treatments i.e. control, one, two and three sprays, each of Delftia sp., Aspergillus sp., consortia (Delftia sp.+ Aspergillus sp.). The treatment with one spray was initiated within two days of harvesting paddy and subsequent sprays (two and three sprays) were conducted at an interval of 10 days from previous spray. Growth attributes like plant height, number of tillers, DMA and LAI improved in N5, ultimately produced better yield attributes in terms of productive tillers, spike length, number of grains/spike leading to highest productivity of succeeding wheat as compared to other treatments. Micrometeorological observations (viz. lower canopy temperature, maximum NDVI and PAR interception), quality parameter (viz. protein content, hectolitre weight, dry and wet gluten content), phenology, N uptake by grain and straw were found to be higher in N5 at Ludhiana and Ladhowal during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. Microbial traits i.e. bacterial, fungal, CDB, SSB population, MBC, MBN, DHA and UA were maximum in N6 and the lowest in N1 and; NS N fixers and actinomycetes population were determined higher in N1. On the other hand, foliar application of Delftia sp. (M3) on in-situ rice residue improved the number of productive tillers, spike length, grain yield, harvest index, NDVI, PAR interception, quality aspect, N uptake by grain and straw over the uninoculated control. Maximum bacterial, CDB, SSB, NS N fixers, actinomycetes population as well as MBC, MBN, DHA, UA were found in M4, while maximum fungal population in M2. Trend for NUE indices (AE, PE аnd ARE) varied for different treatments. None of the interaction effects were found to be significant for any growth and yield components. In experiment II, growth parameters, yield attributing characters, NDVI, PAR interception, grain yield, phenology, N uptake by succeeding wheat grain and total N uptake, maximum microbial traits, MBC and MBN showed a non-significant increase with three sprays of Delftia sp. on in-situ rice residue (D3) over the uninoculated control and number of sprays of Aspergillus sp. (A1, A2, A3) during both the years of study at both the locations. The increase in grain yield with D3 over control ranged from 11.1-14.9% and 11.3-14.9% at Ludhiana and Ladhowal, respectively. Quality parameters, CDB, actinomycetes, NS N fixers and SSB population, DHA and UA were also found higher in D3 at most of the intervals and in C3 at some intervals. Fungal population was found maximum in A3. Microbial spray might have helped to increase wheat yield. Hence, spray of microbes under N @150 kg/ha regime increased the succeeding wheat yield with faster decomposition of rice residue.
Open Access
Growth and yield dynamics of rapeseed-mustard (Brassica) cultivars as influenced by nutrients management, irrigation and plant hormones
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurdeep Singh; Angrej Singh
The field study was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Soil and Water Engineering, PAU, Ludhiana and University Seed Farm, Naraingarh, district Fatehgarh Sahib during rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19. The soil at Ludhiana was low in organic carbon (0.37 %) and available nitrogen (172.4 kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (23.1 kg ha-1), medium in available potassium (170 kg ha-1), while at Naraingarh, it was medium in organic carbon (0.55 %) and available nitrogen (295.7 kg ha-1), high in available phosphorus (24.3 kg ha-1) and medium in potassium (260.3 kg ha-1). Two experiments on rapeseed-mustard were conducted in split plot design with three replications each. In experiment I, main plot treatments consisted of four cultivars viz. GSC 7, PC 6, RLC 3 and PBR 357, while the subplot treatments consisted of six nutrients management treatments viz. RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer), RDF + ZnSO4.7H2O, RDF + borax , RDF + ZnSO4.7H2O + borax, RDF + S and RDF + ZnSO4.7H2O + borax + S. In experiment II, main plots treatments comprised of irrigation levels viz. one irrigation, two irrigations and three irrigations and subplot treatments consisted of Control (water spray), Gibberellic acid (40 ppm), Gibberellic acid (80 ppm), Salicylic acid (50 ppm) and Salicylic acid (100 ppm). In experiment I, maximum plant height and dry matter accumulation (DMA) at harvest were recorded in PBR 357. Higher yield attributes and seed yield was recorded PC 6 and GSC 7 as compared to RLC 3 and PBR 357. Among the nutrient management treatments RDF + ZnSO4 + borax + S resulted in maximum vegetative growth and yield attributes and consequently seed yield during both the years at these locations. In experiment II, maximum plant height, DMA and yield was observed with three irrigations at these locations in both the years. However, maximum plant height, DMA and yield attributes were noted with the application of SA @100 ppm in both years at two locations. The maximum apparent water productivity and total water productivity was observed with two irrigations at Ludhiana and one irrigation at Naraingarh. The application of SA @ 100 ppm also resulted in maximum water productivity at both the locations in two years of study

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