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Water productivity, energetics and economics of maize based cropping sequences compared to rice-wheat system under different moisture regimes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Brar, Ajmer Singh
A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. To compare various maize based crop sequences with rice-wheat system, a replicated experiment was conducted with varying degrees of crop sequences and irrigation regimes. Eight crop sequences were compared in the main plots: rice-wheat, maize-wheat, maize-potato- mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-spring maize, maize + cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong, maize-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong and maize + cowpea (f)-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong. Four irrigation regimes of IW/CPE ratio 0.75, IW/CPE ratio 1.0, IW/CPE ratio 1.25 and recommended schedule were compared in sub plots. The rice equivalent yield was significantly higher in maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion followed by maize-potato-mentha + onion and maize + cowpea-potato-spring maize compared to other crop sequences. This was due to higher production potential of potato which ultimately increased the rice equivalent yield of sequences in which potato was included as one of the component crop. The rice equivalent yield of various crop sequences increased with increase in frequency of irrigation water. The crop water productivity was significantly higher with maize + cowpea-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75 during both the years as compared to all other crop sequences and irrigation regimes combinations except maize-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75. Rice-wheat sequence with recommended schedule produced significantly lower crop water productivity as compared to maize-potato-mentha+ onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion and maize-potato-spring maize with all the irrigation regimes during both the years. The apparent water productivity was significantly higher in maize + cowpea-potato- mentha + onion sequence as compared to all other crop sequences during both the years. The lowest apparent water productivity was recorded with rice-wheat sequence under all the irrigation regimes. On the basis of energy efficiency, R-W with IRec had lower energy efficiency compared to maize-wheat, maize-potato-mentha+onion and maize+ cowpea (f)-potato-mentha+onion under all the irrigation regimes during both the years. Among different maize based crop sequences, the most energy efficient was maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec followed by maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 during both the years. On the basis of energy productivity, maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 was found to be the most energy productive being statistically at par with rice-wheat with IRec and maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec during 2016-17 while it was significantly better compared to rice-wheat with IRec during 2017- 18. Economic analysis reveals that R-W with IRec recorded the lowest net returns compared to maize- potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec, maize+cowpea(f)-potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec and maize+cowpea(f)-potato-spring maize with I1.25 and IRec during both the years.
Open Access
Developing water and energy smart portfolios for sustainable cereal based systems under conservation agriculture practices in North-West Indo-Gangetic plains
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Rolaniya, Lalit Kumar; Saini, K. S.
The present investigation entitled “Developing water and energy smart portfolios for sustainable cereal based systems under conservation agriculture practices in North-West Indo- Gangetic plains” was carried out at Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ladhowal, Ludhiana. The experiment was established during rabi 2015 but the actual treatments were imposed in kharif 2016 considering rabi season a zero cycle ensuring tillage, crop establishment and residue management effects are captured in first test crop. Six management scenarios involving layering of cropping systems, tillage energy source for irrigation and irrigation management were evaluated in large plot size (400 m2; 20m x 20m) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All the other standard management practices were used irrespective of the management scenarios. The results reveled that conservation agriculture based rice-wheat layered with sub-surface drip irrigation system (RWZT-SSD) resulted similar yields as of rice-wheat conventional till system, but with saving of nearly 47.28 per cent (110 cm) applied irrigation water, 18.3 per cent cost reduction and `18,760 ha-1 year-1 additional profit compared to farmers practice. In maize-wheat cropping system on permanent raised bed (PB) layered with sub-surface drip irrigation (SSD), a gain of maize- wheat system grain yield to the tune of ~5.3 q ha-1 year-1 with 53.4 per cent less irrigation water application as compared to conventional tillage based flood irrigation system. Maize-wheat system with conservation agriculture based management layered with SSD produced 9.7 per cent higher system productivity (12.93 t ha-1 year-1), `34,260 ha-1 year-1 additional profits. By switching from conventional ricewheat system towards PB-SSD based maize-wheat system save 70.2 per cent electric energy showing potentiality of diversification of rice-wheat system through sustainable intensification of MW system. Using solar energy for pumping of ground water linked with sub surface drip irrigation system have a potential to mitigate the 3971 kg of CO2 eq ha-1 year-1 and 1655 kg of CO2 eq ha-1 year-1 in rice-wheat and maize-wheat cropping system, respectively. Layering improved management practices offer opportunities to address the issues of crop adaptability, productivity and profitability in rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotation under the emerging climate risks while improving the natural resources (water, energy and soil) and reducing environmental footprints, rather than their application in isolation.
Open Access
Performance of sunflower adn spring grounnut in an intercropping system as influenced by Planting patterns fertilizer use and irrigation levels
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture PAU, Ludhiana, 2001) Chakravarty, Sumit; Dhingra, K. K
Open Access
Comparative effect of different herbicides at their differetn concentrations on weed control in grounnut (Archis Hypogaea L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 1970) Brar, Lall Singh; Gill, Gurtakash
Open Access
Weed management in dry-seeded rice through integration of tillage, cultural practices and herbicides
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Manpreet Singh; Manpreet Singh; Manpreet Singh; Bhullar, Makhan Singh; Bhullar, Makhan Singh; Bhullar, Makhan Singh
The study “Weed management in dry-seeded rice through integration of tillage, cultural practices and herbicides”, consisting of two field experiments was carried out in summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. Both experiments were conducted in split-plot design and replicated thrice. Exp. I, conducted during 2017 and 2018 at Ludhiana, had combination of two tillage systems (zero tillage, ZT); conventional tillage, CT) & two rice varieties (PR 124, PR 126) in main-plots and four weed control treatments viz. weedy; herbicides (pendimethalin plus pyrazosulfuron as pre- followed by (fb) bispyribac sodium as post-emergence); IWM (pendimethalin plus pyrazosulfuron as pre- fb bispyribac sodium as post-emergence fb hand weeding at 40 days after sowing) and weed free in sub-plots. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) raised under CT had lower infestation of grass weeds, higher infestation of sedge and broadleaf weeds, and it gave significantly higher grain yield (38-51%) than rice raised under ZT. PR 126 had more weed smothering potential and gave significantly higher grain yield than PR 124 under both tillage systems. PR 126, raised under CT and weed free conditions, gave highest rice grain yield (5.67-6.87 t ha-1), however, the highest economic returns (55873 Rs ha-1) were recorded under combination of PR 126, CT and IWM. CT and IWM had significant depletion of soil seedbank of grass weeds than ZT and herbicides alone, respectively. Exp. II, conducted in 2017 at Ludhiana and in 2018 at Ludhiana and Moga, had combinations of two green manure (without green manure i.e. conventional, CON); with Crotalaria juncea green manure (GM) & three N levels (120, 150, 180 kg N ha-1) in main-plots and three weed control treatments viz. (weedy; herbicides and IWM) in sub-plots. Soil organic carbon status and level of weed infestation influenced DSR response to green manure, N and weed control. Under low soil organic carbon (0.36%) and high level of weed infestation (at Ludhiana), rice grain yield losses due to weed competition were 60-70%. Green manure and N favored weeds more than crop. Rice responded up to 120 kg N in GM and up to 150 kg N ha-1 in CON. Integration of pre- and post-emergence herbicides with one hand weeding provided significantly higher level of weed control and grain yield than use of herbicides alone. Combination of CON, 180 kg N ha-1 and IWM gave the highest net returns (39426 Rs ha-1), however, combination treatment of CON, 180 kg N ha-1 and herbicides gave the highest B:C (2.33:1). After two years, soil seedbank of grass weeds was enhanced by GM than CON, 180 kg N than 120 kg N ha-1 and weedy check than herbicides. GM improved soil organic carbon. Under high soil organic carbon (0.67%) and low level of weed infestation (at Moga), weeds reduced rice yield up to 14% only. Rice responded up to 120 kg N in GM and up to 150 kg N ha-1 in CON. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides alone and their integration with one hand weeding provided similar level of weed control and rice grain yield. After one year, green manure and N had no effect on soil seedbank of Echinochloa colona, while herbicides use reduced seedbank than weedy check; GM had no effect on soil organic carbon.
Open Access
Influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and inoculation method on phosphorus availability and productivity of transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sandhu, Maninder Singh; Deol, J.S.
The field experiment entitled “Influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and inoculation method on phosphorus availability and productivity of transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana over two years during rabi (2015-16 and 2016-17) and kharif (2016 and 2017). The objectives of the investigation were to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and method of inoculation on phosphorus availability and the carryover effect of varying phosphorus levels on succeeding crop in transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system. The field experiments was carried out on loamy sand soil which was medium in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen and available potassium, medium in available phosphorus. In transplanted rice-wheat system the highest dose of P fertilizers i.e. P60 treatment was significant in improving growth parameters like plant height, tiller count, DMA, LAI and PAR interception in both transplanted rice and wheat. Higher doses of P increased the available soil P. Application of P60 treatment significantly improved yield parameters like effective tiller count and grains ear-1 in wheat of transplanted rice-wheat system. In transplanted rice the P60 fertilizer treatment significantly affected the effective tiller count. The P60 treatment significantly improved the grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of both transplanted rice and wheat. Higher economic returns and higher B:C were recorded with P60 treatment. The PSB inoculations significantly improved the dry matter accumulation, effective tiller count and grain yield of 2nd year wheat of the transplanted rice-wheat system. Among PSB treatments seed and soil inoculation with Bacillus spp. recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C. For the direct seeded rice-wheat system highest dose of P fertilizers i.e. P60 treatment significantly improved growth parameters like plant height, tiller count, DMA, LAI and PAR interception in both direct seeded rice and wheat. Available soil P increased with higher doses of P fertilizers. The P60 treatment was significant in improving yield parameters like effective tiller count and grains ear-1 in wheat. In direct seeded rice the P fertilizer treatments significantly affected the effective tiller count. The P60 treatment significantly improved the grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of both direct seeded rice and wheat which were statistically at par with P45 treatment. Among phosphorus treatments P60 treatment recorded highest economic returns and higher B:C. The PSB inoculations were non-significant in improving any of growth and yield attributes of both rice and wheat in the direct seeded rice-wheat system. PSB treatment of seed and soil inoculation with Bacillus spp. recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C.
Open Access
Influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and inoculation method on phosphorus availability and productivity of transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sandhu, Maninder Singh; Deol, J.S.
The field experiment entitled “Influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and inoculation method on phosphorus availability and productivity of transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana over two years during rabi (2015-16 and 2016-17) and kharif (2016 and 2017). The objectives of the investigation were to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and method of inoculation on phosphorus availability and the carryover effect of varying phosphorus levels on succeeding crop in transplanted and direct seeded rice-wheat system. The field experiments was carried out on loamy sand soil which was medium in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen and available potassium, medium in available phosphorus. In transplanted rice-wheat system the highest dose of P fertilizers i.e. P60 treatment was significant in improving growth parameters like plant height, tiller count, DMA, LAI and PAR interception in both transplanted rice and wheat. Higher doses of P increased the available soil P. Application of P60 treatment significantly improved yield parameters like effective tiller count and grains ear-1 in wheat of transplanted rice-wheat system. In transplanted rice the P60 fertilizer treatment significantly affected the effective tiller count. The P60 treatment significantly improved the grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of both transplanted rice and wheat. Higher economic returns and higher B:C were recorded with P60 treatment. The PSB inoculations significantly improved the dry matter accumulation, effective tiller count and grain yield of 2nd year wheat of the transplanted rice-wheat system. Among PSB treatments seed and soil inoculation with Bacillus spp. recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C. For the direct seeded rice-wheat system highest dose of P fertilizers i.e. P60 treatment significantly improved growth parameters like plant height, tiller count, DMA, LAI and PAR interception in both direct seeded rice and wheat. Available soil P increased with higher doses of P fertilizers. The P60 treatment was significant in improving yield parameters like effective tiller count and grains ear-1 in wheat. In direct seeded rice the P fertilizer treatments significantly affected the effective tiller count. The P60 treatment significantly improved the grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of both direct seeded rice and wheat which were statistically at par with P45 treatment. Among phosphorus treatments P60 treatment recorded highest economic returns and higher B:C. The PSB inoculations were non-significant in improving any of growth and yield attributes of both rice and wheat in the direct seeded rice-wheat system. PSB treatment of seed and soil inoculation with Bacillus spp. recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C.
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Agronomic biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with zinc and iron
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Vajinder Pal; Guriqbal Singh
The investigation entitled, “Agronomic biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with zinc and iron” was conducted at the Research Farm of Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during Rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with normal soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon & available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron. Under the present investigation, three experiments were conducted and laid out in randomized complete block design replicated three times using the chickpea variety PBG 7. The Experiment I, II and III were sown on 7th November, 2015 during first year and 8th November, 2016 during second year. In Experiment I, six zinc application treatments and three urea foliar application treatments were studied. Experiment II had three iron foliar application treatments and three urea foliar application treatments. In Experiment III, twelve treatments consisting of zinc, iron or urea foliar application and their various combinations were studied. The recommended dose of urea @ 40.6 kg ha-1 and single superphosphate @ 125 kg ha-1 was applied at the time of sowing. The nutrients used for foliar treatments in the present study were ZnSO4.7H2O (21% Zn), FeSO4.7H2O (19% Fe) and urea (46% N). In all the experiments 375 litres of water ha-1 was used for each foliar spray. Results revealed that soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 at sowing + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content and nutrient uptake. The highest concentration of zinc and iron in chickpea grain was also recorded with the soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages (45.1 & 44.7 mg zinc kg-1 and 59.7 & 62.9 mg iron kg-1 in first and second year of study, respectively). In experiment II, foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at flowering and pod formation stages resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content, nutrient uptake and the highest concentration of zinc (35.1 & 34.2 mg zinc kg-1) and iron (73.5 & 75.3 mg iron kg-1) in chickpea grain. In experiment III, foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + urea @ 2% (individual as well as tank mix) resulted in the highest growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, net returns, benefit cost ratio, nutrient content and nutrient uptake. Tank mix application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.5% + urea @ 2% provided the second highest content of zinc (44.1 & 43.1 mg zinc kg-1) and iron (71.1 & 73.9 mg iron kg-1) in chickpea grain and was equally effective in biofortification of chickpea grain as individual application of these nutrients (45.1 & 45.0 mg zinc kg-1 and 71.4 & 74.2 mg iron kg-1). Therefore, it can be concluded that these treatments improve the nutrient content in chickpea grain and, therefore, can help in removing the micronutrient (zinc and iron) malnutrion in humans.
Open Access
Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to Seed Priming and Seed Rate for Enhanced Growth and Productivity under different Planting Methods
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jassal, Rupinder Kaur; Harmeet Singh
The present study “Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to Seed Priming and Seed Rate for Enhanced Growth and Productivity under different Planting Methods” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2015 and 2016. In experiment I, in vitro studies were conducted in Factorial CRB design with twelve seed priming treatments (i.e. control, water soaked, KCl – 50 ppm, KCl – 100 ppm, KNO3 – 0.5%, KNO31.0 %, KH2PO4 - 0.5%, KH2PO4 - 1.0 %, GA3 - 50 ppm, GA3 - 100 ppm, Cytokinin -50 ppm and Cytokinin 100 ppm) for two priming durations i.e. 2 and 4 hour, respectively. Results revealed that 100 ppm GA3 treated soybean seeds for 2 hours recorded better performance under in vitro conditions and recorded significant higher Germiation Perceantage, Mean Germination Time, Germimation Time, Coffecient of Velocity, Vigour Length, Seedling Dry Weight, Root and Shoot Length as compared to other treatments. Experiment II was conducted in RCB Design with these seed priming treatments viz. control, water soaked, KCl – 50 ppm, KCl – 100 ppm, KNO3 – 0.5%, KNO31.0 %, KH2PO4 - 0.5%, KH2PO4 - 1.0 %, GA3 - 50 ppm, GA3 - 100 ppm, Cytokinin -50 ppm and Cytokinin 100 ppm. The results revealed that GA3 used at 100 ppm for seed priming recorded significantly higher plant characters viz. emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI. A non significant effect of different seed priming treatments was observed at all phenological stages of soybean crop. Symbiotic characters like root nodule count, root nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content in nodules were significantly higher in 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds. During both the years, seed yield was significantly higher with treatment 100 ppm GA3 which was statistically similar with 100 ppm cytokinin, 50 ppm GA3 and 50 ppm cytokinin. An increase of 30.6 % in seed yield was recorded with the use of 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds as compared to control or dry seeds this is due to more plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and yield attributing characters. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw at harvest was recorded significantly higher with 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds which was statistically at par with 100 ppm cytokinin. A non significant effect was recorded on the quality parameters viz. protein, oil and starch content with different seed priming treatments. During both the years, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded higher in treatment 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds. Experiment III was conducted in Factorial split plot design, keeping two planting methods (flat planting and bed planting) and two seed priming treatments (non-primed and 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds as primed seeds) in main plots and three seed rate (50, 62.5 and 75 kg ha-1) in sub plots. The results revealed that under bed planted method significantly higher emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI was recorded as compared to flat planting method. A non significant effect was observed at all phenological stages with respect to different planting methods. Bed planted crop recorded higher number of root nodule count and significantly higher root nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content in nodules as compared to flat planting method. Yield attributing characters viz. pods plant-1, seed pod-1 and 100 seed weight were higher in bed planted soybean crop as compared to flat planted crop. An increase of 15.6 % in seed yield was recorded under bed planted crop as compared to flat planted crop. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw at harvest was significantly higher in bed planted crop as compared to flat planted crop. Maximum gross returns, net returns and B: C was obtained under bed planted soybean crop as compared to flat planted crop in both the two years. Primed seeds with 100 ppm GA3 recorded significant results in plant characters viz emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and PARI, earliness in phenological stages, symbiotic characters, yield attributing characters and final seed yield. Primed seeds with 100 ppm GA3 recorded 23.2 % increase in pooled seed yield than non-primed seeds. N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw was also significantly higher in primed seeds as compared to non primed seeds. 100 ppm GA3 treated seeds recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B: C as compared to non primed seeds. Seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 recorded higher plant growth, yield attributing characters and seed yield than 50 kg ha-1 and statistically at par results was recorded with 75 kg ha-1. Pooled seed yield was increased by 4.61 and 12.5 % with 62.5 kg ha-1 than 50 and 75 kg ha-1. Similarly, N, P and K uptake by seeds and straw was recorded significantly higher with with 62.5 kg ha-1 than 50 kg ha-1. Seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and Benefit cost ratio than 50 and 75 kg ha-1

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