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2013 - 20193
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Subject: Agronomy × Author: Navneet Kaur × Start date: 1975 × Type: Thesis ×
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    Water productivity, energetics and economics of maize based cropping sequences compared to rice-wheat system under different moisture regimes
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Brar, Ajmer Singh
    A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. To compare various maize based crop sequences with rice-wheat system, a replicated experiment was conducted with varying degrees of crop sequences and irrigation regimes. Eight crop sequences were compared in the main plots: rice-wheat, maize-wheat, maize-potato- mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-spring maize, maize + cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong, maize-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong and maize + cowpea (f)-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong. Four irrigation regimes of IW/CPE ratio 0.75, IW/CPE ratio 1.0, IW/CPE ratio 1.25 and recommended schedule were compared in sub plots. The rice equivalent yield was significantly higher in maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion followed by maize-potato-mentha + onion and maize + cowpea-potato-spring maize compared to other crop sequences. This was due to higher production potential of potato which ultimately increased the rice equivalent yield of sequences in which potato was included as one of the component crop. The rice equivalent yield of various crop sequences increased with increase in frequency of irrigation water. The crop water productivity was significantly higher with maize + cowpea-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75 during both the years as compared to all other crop sequences and irrigation regimes combinations except maize-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75. Rice-wheat sequence with recommended schedule produced significantly lower crop water productivity as compared to maize-potato-mentha+ onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion and maize-potato-spring maize with all the irrigation regimes during both the years. The apparent water productivity was significantly higher in maize + cowpea-potato- mentha + onion sequence as compared to all other crop sequences during both the years. The lowest apparent water productivity was recorded with rice-wheat sequence under all the irrigation regimes. On the basis of energy efficiency, R-W with IRec had lower energy efficiency compared to maize-wheat, maize-potato-mentha+onion and maize+ cowpea (f)-potato-mentha+onion under all the irrigation regimes during both the years. Among different maize based crop sequences, the most energy efficient was maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec followed by maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 during both the years. On the basis of energy productivity, maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 was found to be the most energy productive being statistically at par with rice-wheat with IRec and maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec during 2016-17 while it was significantly better compared to rice-wheat with IRec during 2017- 18. Economic analysis reveals that R-W with IRec recorded the lowest net returns compared to maize- potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec, maize+cowpea(f)-potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec and maize+cowpea(f)-potato-spring maize with I1.25 and IRec during both the years.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems
    (PAU, 2013) Navneet Kaur; Bhullar, M.S.
    The investigation entitled “Weed control in autumn sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) based intercropping systems” was conducted at The Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The soil was loamy sand, normal pH and EC, low in organic carbon & available N and medium in available P & K. Experiment I consisted of 3 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + gobhi sarson(1:1) and sugarcane + raya(1:2)} in main plots and 6 weed control treatments {pre emergence pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 , pre emergence alachlor 1.25 kg & 1.875 kg ha -1 , two hand weeding (30 and 60 DAS) and weedy check}in sub plots with 4 eplications in a split plot design. Experiment II consisted of 4 cropping systems {sole sugarcane, sugarcane + cabbage (1:1); sugarcane + peas (1:2) and sugarcane + garlic (1:3)} in the main plots and six weed control treatments {oxyfluorfen 0.176 kg & 0.234 kg ha -1 PRE, pendimethalin 0.562 kg & 0.75 kg ha -1 PRE, hand weeding (30 & 60 DAS in cabbage and peas;30, 60 & 100 DAS in garlic) and weedy check} in sub plots replicated thrice in a split plot design. In autumn sugarcane and Brassicaspecies intercropping systems, gobhi sarsonandraya intercrops exhibited good weed smothering potentialand reduced the weed count and dry matter accumulation than sole sugarcane; rayawas more effective than gobhi sarson. The cane yield under gobhi sarson and raya intercropped sugarcane were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years; cane equivalent yield, net profit and benefit cost ratio under the intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. The intercropping of rayaand gobhi sarsonin autumn sugarcane increased the net returns by ` 61,469 and ` 26,738 ha -1 , respectively, than sole sugarcane. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg and alachlor 1.875 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and increased the seed yield of gobhi sarson by 43.6 & 37.3 per cent and raya by 16.1 & 14.1 per cent, respectively than weedy check and were at par with hand weeding. The increase in net returns with the use of these herbicides varied from ` 1,775 to ` 16,406 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. In autumn sugarcane and vegetables intercropping systems, peas exhibited partial weed suppressing ability while cabbage and garlic did not show any weed suppressing ability; weed population and dry matter accumulation under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane during both the years. The cane yield under these intercropping systems were similar to that of sole sugarcane, however, cane equivalent yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio of intercropping systems were higher than sole sugarcane. Sugarcane + garlic intercropping recorded the highest gross, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Averaged over two seasons, the intercropping of garlic increased the net returns by ` 1,36,548 ha -1 than sole cane; the corresponding figures for peas and cabbage intercropping systems were ` 73,860 and ` 61,388 ha -1 . Oxyfluorfen 0.234 kg and pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha -1 recorded effective control of weeds in these intercropping systems and were at par with hand weeding and significantly increased yield of cabbage, peas and garlic than under weedy check. The herbicides use increased net returns by ` 11,459 to ` 36,263 ha -1 as compared with weedy check. The three herbicides at the dose tested were safe to the sugarcane and the intercrops. The herbicides only temporarily reduced the population of soil microbes on the day of application; it recovered within 15 days after application. The residues of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen in the intercrops produce were below detectable limit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Growth, yield and water productivity of bed-planted summer moong in relation to irrigation regimes
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Navneet Kaur; Mahal, S. S.
    A field experiment entitled “Growth, yield and water productivity of bed-planted summer moong in relation to irrigation regimes” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during Rabi 2014. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture, normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorous and potassium. The field capacity and permanent wilting point of 0-180 cm soil profile were 37.88 and 13.13 cm, respectively, with an average bulk density of 1.59 g cm-3. The field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. There were three dates of sowing; D1 (20 March), D2 (30 March) and D3 (10 April) and four irrigation schedules; I1 (0.6 IW/CPE), I2 (0.8 IW/CPE), I3 (1.0 IW/CPE) and I4 (1.2 IW/CPE) with IW=5.0 cm. The results revealed that D1 recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area as compared to D3. All the yield attributing characters viz. pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were significantly more in D1 than D3 sowing date. Maximum seed yield was observed under D1 sowing date which was significantly higher than D2 and D3. The seed yield increase in D1 was 9.3 and 20.9 per cent as compared to D2 and D3, respectively. Crop water use was to be higher under D3 sowing date due to higher temperature conditions prevailing at that time. Likewise, water use efficiency and apparent water productivity were also higher under D1. Among the various irrigation schedules, higher values of all the growth characters were found under I4 irrigation schedule which was significantly more than I2 and I1 and statistically at par with I3. Similar trends were observed under various yield attributing characters viz; pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. I4 was at par with I3 and produced the highest seed yield which was significantly better than I2 and I1. Crop water use was more under I4 due to more number of applied irrigations. However, apparent water productivity was higher under I1 irrigation schedule.