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ThesisItem Restricted Effect of corn syrup impurity on dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of honey(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Kehal, Kamaldeep Singh; Paramjit SinghThe present work has been done to evaluate the effect of adulteration of corn syrup on dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of honey. Honey was adulterated at five different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). All the measurements were taken at ten different frequencies (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 kHz) and five different temperatures (30º, 40º, 50º, 60º and 70º C). In addition to these parameters, density and viscosity were also determined at different temperatures. Dielectric constant decreased linearly with the increase in temperature, frequency and adulteration. Loss tangent increased linearly with increase in temperature and decreased exponentially with increase in frequency. Electrical conductivity increased linearly with the increase in temperature and frequency. Both loss tangent and electrical conductivity increased linearly with adulteration. Density decreased linearly with the increase in temperature and adulteration. Viscosity decreased exponentially with the increase in temperature and decreased linearly with the increase in adulteration. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at 5% level of significance. These parameters were found to vary significantly with adulteration. The constants and coefficients of these parameters-corn syrup relationships for honey were obtained. The regression equations developed relating dielectric constant, loss tangent, electrical conductivity, density and viscosity had high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.898).ThesisItem Restricted Estimation of water content in maize (Zea mays L.) crop using beta radiation(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Ramanpreet Kaur; Sharma, Rajeev KumarA field experiment was set up in split-plot design to use the beta radiations for estimating the water content (WC) of maize (Zea mays L.). Maize was grown having three nitrogen contents i.e. 90 kg ha-1 (N1), 120 kg ha-1 (N2) and 150 kg ha-1 (N3), and each was replicated thrice. 204Tl and 60Co have been used as radioactive sources with 0.766 MeV and 0.316 MeV as end point energies. Logarithmic relative intensity versus thickness were plotted for the fresh and dry state of maize leaves for all treatments, and mass attenuation coefficient (µm) was determined to be used to evaluate WC. It was observed that µm is more for dry leaves than for fresh leaves. Maximum WC was found in N1 followed by N2 and minimum is in N3. The obtained values of WC by using beta attenuation are found in good agreement with the direct weighing method and comparable with relative leaf water content. The index of stress degree day was evaluated and found minimum for N3 treatment. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained for N3 treatment. The study revealed that increasing Nitrogen content can reduce stress due to more temperature and less irrigation. Considering the results, it was inferred that N3 treatment would be best management intervention for maize cultivation. Beta radiations was found useful for estimation of WC and can effectively be used in irrigation scheduling for saving water.ThesisItem Open Access Higher order contributions to electron-acoustic solitary waves featuring cairns-tsallis distribution of electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Anjali; Parveen BalaIn this thesis, a homogeneous system of unmagnetized and collisionless plasma constituting of cold electron fluid, immobile ions and hot electrons has been studied. The hot electrons are assumed to obey hybrid Cairns-Tsallis distribution. This distribution is applicable within the range and .Using standard Reductive Perturbation Method (RPM), dispersion relation and Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been derived. Reductive preturbation method is further extended to include the contribution of higher order terms. Renormalization method is employed in studying the propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves as well as higher order solitary waves. Our present investigation focuses on revealing the dependency of the behavior of these waves on nonthermal parameter( ), hot-to-cold electron density ratio( ), hot-to-cold electron temperature ratio( ), Mach number( ) and nonextensive parameter( ). Only negative potential structures are reported in our plasma model. The numerical results reflects that on taking the higher order correction terms into account, the amplitude of the dressed soliton solution increases however its width narrows. The present plasma model may be helpful in simulating the electron acoustic solitary behavior in the auroral regions and magnetospheric plasmas of earth.ThesisItem Open Access Higher order contributions to electron-acoustic solitary waves featuring cairns-tsallis distribution of electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Anjali; Bala, ParveenIn this thesis, a homogeneous system of unmagnetized and collisionless plasma constituting of cold electron fluid, immobile ions and hot electrons has been studied. The hot electrons are assumed to obey hybrid Cairns-Tsallis distribution. This distribution is applicable within the range and .Using standard Reductive Perturbation Method (RPM), dispersion relation and Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been derived. Reductive preturbation method is further extended to include the contribution of higher order terms. Renormalization method is employed in studying the propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves as well as higher order solitary waves. Our present investigation focuses on revealing the dependency of the behavior of these waves on nonthermal parameter( ), hot-to-cold electron density ratio( ), hot-to-cold electron temperature ratio( ), Mach number( ) and nonextensive parameter( ). Only negative potential structures are reported in our plasma model. The numerical results reflects that on taking the higher order correction terms into account, the amplitude of the dressed soliton solution increases however its width narrows. The present plasma model may be helpful in simulating the electron acoustic solitary behavior in the auroral regions and magnetospheric plasmas of earth.ThesisItem Open Access Cylindrical electron-acoustic solitary waves with hybrid Cairns-Tsallis distributed hot electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harmanpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaThe propagation of cylindrical electron acoustic solitary waves in a plasma system constituting cold electron fluid, immobile ions and hot electrons has been studied. The hot electrons are assumed to follow hybrid nonthermal-nonextensive distribution popularly known as Cairns-Tsallis distribution. This distribution is applicable within the parameters range 0.6 q 1 and 0 0.25. Using Reductive preturbation method Korteweg de- Vries (KdV) is derived to obtain the required solution for cylindrical electron acoustic solitary waves. Our present investigation focuses on revealing the dependency of the behavior of these waves on nonthermal parameter ( ) , hot-to-cold electron density ratio ( ) and nonextensive parameter ( q ). Only negative potential structures are reported in our plasma model. The effect of nonextensivity (q), nonthermality ( ) and cylindrical geometry on the amplitudes and width of electron acoustic potential structures have been studied numerically. The numerical results are presented in the form of graphs in given parametric ranges. The present plasma model may be helpful in simulating the electron acoustic solitary behavior in the auroral regions and magnetospheric plasmas of earth.ThesisItem Open Access Electron-acoustic double layers featuring cairns-tsallis distribution of electrons(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Arshpreet Kaur; Parveen BalaPlasma is an ionized gas that can be considered as collection of positive and negative charge carriers and has net zero charge. It exihibits various striking nonlinear structures such as solitons and double layers. The nonlinear dynamics of large amplitude electron acoustic double layers in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma consisting of cold and hot electrons has been studied. The electrons are assumed to follows the cairns-tsallis distribution. Sagdeev pseudopotential method has been used to investigate the occurance of large amplitude double layers, focusing on how their characteristics depends upon the different parameters. For the selected range of parameters, it is found that only compressive double layers can exist. Further, the analysis is extended for small amplitude double layer solution by expanding the Sagdeev potential in the weakly coupled plasma limit ( <<1). The upper limits of the Mach number for the existence of double layer are dertermined, and their values are significantly modified in the presence of Cairns-Tsallis distributed electrons. Polarity of the nonlinear structures strongly depends on the nonthermal parameter ( ) and nonextensivity (q) of electrons. Depending on the nature of these double layers, their associated electric fields are thought to be responsible for particle acceleration or deceleration.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of adulteration on dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of honey(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Zorawar Singh; Paramjit SinNon-destructive techniques for determining the adulteration of food products are rapidly gaining a wide scientific interest, partly due to their utilization in the industrial sector. One of the important non-destructive techniques is the measurement of dielectric properties and electrical conductivity. Under this technique, the substance under study is subject to an alternating electric field and a rapid energy gaining and losing process starts due to molecular alignments. This process can be characterized by two parameters; dielectric constant and loss tangent. Also, electrical conductivity measures the charge carrying capacity of the substance. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of adulteration of honey, with sugar syrup, on the dielectric properties and electrical conductivity. These properties were studied at five different frequencies (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 kHz) and seven different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) for pure honey, sucrose syrup and five different concentrations of sugar syrup in honey (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%). Dielectric properties decreased with increasing frequency. Meanwhile, dielectric constant decreased and loss tangent increased with temperature. Both parameters decreased in a linear fashion with the addition of sugar syrup. The adulteration of honey has a significant effect on its dielectric properties for impurity levels above 10% and temperatures below 50 °C. Electrical conductivity increased linearly with temperature and sugar syrup impurity level, while the frequency has negligible effect on it. Further, the statistical analysis showed that the effect of adulteration of honey on its electrical conductivity is significant at temperatures above 50 °C and for impurity levels above 20%.ThesisItem Open Access Control sample studies for rare radiative decay using Belle detector(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amritpal Singh; Sharma, Rajeev KumarWe study the decay modes of B mesons to final states including J/ψ and mesons based on a large amount of data sample at the ϒ(4S) state collected with Belle detector in KEKB asymmetric energy collider. ThesisItem Restricted Gruound based remote sensing study of spectrial radiance charactristics of wheat, Potato and sunflower(Department of Physics, College of Basics & Humanities PAU, Ludhiana, 1999) Kaur, Sukhjit; Singh, M. B
