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Formulation of crop weather calendar for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Punjab conditions
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspal Singh; Sidhu, Prabhjyot Kaur
The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018 at the Research farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana to generate phenological field data for formulation of crop weather calendar under Punjab conditions. The sunflower was sown with four thermal environments; early sown (T1: 5th January), normal sown (T2: 15th January and T3: 25th January) and late sown (T4: 4th February) using two cultivars (PSH 996 and PSH 1962). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications, keeping thermal environments in main plot and two cultivars in sub plot. The sunflower crop sown during 5th January took more days to complete their life cycle as compared to that sown during 15th January followed by 25th January and 4th February. Among the sowing dates, LAI, dry matter accumulation, PAR interception, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and plant height were higher and extinction coefficient was lower in early sown crop as compared to late sown crop which may be due to profuse vegetative growth. Among the yield attributes characters, early sown (T1: 5th January) and normal sown (T2: 15th January) sunflower crop produced higher number of seed / head, seed yield, stalk yield, biomass yield, but 1000 seed weight. Then for formulation of crop weather calendar the weekly and monthly normal of different historical metrological parameters was computed from daily weather data for Ludhiana, Ballowal Saunkhri and Amritsar, rabi 2003-2017. These climatic normals were used for comparing the actual data to study the effect of different meteorological parameters on yield of sunflower crop. The analysis of meteorological parameters at different locations revealed that temperature above normal in the months of March for continuous period is not favourable for sunflower productions. Heavy rainfall in the months of April and May at grain filling stage with below normal sunshine hour have directly reduced the sunflower productivity. The actual meteorological data of high yield crop years over the past 15 years were analysis for different growth stages of sunflower to work out the critical ranges of meteorological parameters. Crop weather calendar were formulated for sunflower crop by compiling the weekly climatic normals and critical limits of meteorological parameters for different growth stages and these can be used for agro-advisory service and for prediction of potential crop yield. Further weather based “Thumb Rule models” using the weekly meteorological data were formulated for predicting the yield of sunflower at 3 locations in Punjab state.
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Effects of microclimatic modifications on phenological development and seed cotton yield using CROPGRO-cotton model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Dhir, Abhishek; Raj Kumar Pal
The Present study entitled “Effects of microclimatic modifications on phenological development and seed cotton yield using CROPGRO-cotton model” was carried out at two Locations viz., Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Regional Research Station, Bathinda, (latitude 30°58‟N, 74°18‟E longitude and altitude 211m above mean sea level) and Faridkot (latitude 30°40‟ N, longitude 74°44‟ E and altitude 200m above mean sea level) during the kharif 2018. The soil of the both the experimental sites is sandy loam. The experiments were laid out with Bt cotton hybrid RCH 773 BGII and sown at three dates i.e. April 30, May 15 and May 30 with two row orientations (North-South: N-S and East-West: E-W) and three plant spacings (67.5cm×45.0cm, 67.5cm×60.0 cm and 67.5cm×75.0cm) in factorial split-plot design with three replications. The study indicated that the days taken to achieve various phenophases like emergence, first square, anthesis, boll opening and maturity (DAS) were found to be decreased with delayed sowing and recorded more days to attain various phenophases with 30th April sown crop. Delay in sowing from April 30 to May 15 reduced the cotton yield by 6.0% at Bathinda and by 13.1% at Faridkot and further delayed sowing from May 15 to May 30 reduced the seed cotton yield by 17.4% and 8.7% at Bathinda and Faridkot, respectively. Moreover, delay in sowing time of one month from April 30 to May 30, caused reduction in seed cotton yield by 22.36% and 20.37% at Bathinda and Faridkot, respectively. Besides, crop sown in East–West row orientation reported highest seed cotton yield than North–South direction at both the study regions. Similarly, among plant spacings, wider plant spacing of 67.5cm×75.0cm produced more seed cotton yield due to proper aeration and light distribution within the canopy. Among weather parameters, higher variation was observed between sowing dates, while lesser variation was recorded among row orientations and plant spacings. Furthermore, the model output in terms of seed cotton yield was found in good agreement over observed having higher value of R2 (0.75 for Bathinda and 0.83 for Faridkot) and lesser RMSE (253.8 kg ha-1 for Bathinda and 198.3 kg ha-1 for Faridkot). Similarly, simulated phenology of the crop was also shown close proximity over observed value having R2 value of 0.49, 0.51 and 0.61 at Bathinda and 0.59, 0.43 and 0.87 at Faridkot for emergence, anthesis and maturity. Hence, the CROPGRO-cotton model can be used as research tool for the prediction of cotton phenology and yield of the crop.
Open Access
Role of meteorological parameters in incidence of rice brown planthopper
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Anand, Shubham; Dhaliwal, L. K.
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana during kharif 2018. Two rice varieties (PR 121 and PR 126) were transplanted on 20th June and 30th June. Variety Pusa Basmati 1121 was transplanted on 5th July and 15th July under three spacings (25 cm x 12 cm, 20 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 10 cm). The experiment was laid out in Split-Split Plot Design for rice crop and Factorial-RCBD Design for basmati rice in four replications. The micrometeorological data on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and relative humidity were recorded at different phenological stages. The periodic biometric observations on leaf area index were recorded. At harvesting, the yield and yield contributing characters (number of effective tillers, number of grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield etc.) were recorded. The results indicate that PAR interception was higher under wider spacing (30 cm x 10 cm) followed by closer spacings (20 cm x 15 cm and 25 cm x 12 cm). The higher relative humidity was recorded in closer spacing (25 cm x 12 cm) than wider spacing (20 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 10 cm). Leaf area index was higher in 30 cm x 10 cm spacing followed by 20 cm x 15 cm and 25 cm x 12 cm spacing. The higher grain yield (58.65 q/ha) was recorded in rice varieties transplanted under wider spacing (30 cm x 10 cm) in comparison to closer spacings of 20 cm x 15 cm (55.70 q/ha) and 25 cm x 12 cm (53.40 q/ha). In Pusa Basmati 1121, grain yield was higher (30.57 q/ha) in 30 cm x 10 cm spacing followed by 20 cm x 15 cm (29.25 q/ha) and 25 cm x 12 cm (26.89 q/ha) spacings. The peak incidence of brown planthopper incidence was observed in 25 cm x 12 cm spacing (3.1 brown planthopper population/hill) as compared to 20 cm x 15 cm spacing (2.9 brown planthopper population/hill) and 30 cm x 10 cm (2.4 brown planthopper population/hill).The brown planthopper incidence data from 2014 to 2016 and 2018 indicated that the highest incidence at Ludhiana was observed in 2016 and the lowest in 2018. Correlation and regression analysis were carried out between different meteorological parameters and brown planthopper incidence. Using brown planthopper data (in field) of different years stepwise regression models were developed. Minimum temperature and relative humidity (morning and evening) were found to be important parameters in incidence of brown planthopper. Agroclimatic indices viz. growing degree days (GDD) and humid-thermal ratio (HTR) were calculated for brown planthopper. Agroclimatic indices based model was developed using brown planthopper incidence data from 2014 to 2016. RHe/Tmax and RHe/Tmin based model gave lowest error (%) when validated with 2018 brown planthopper data. According to present study, the favourable temperature for brown planthopper incidence was 30.2-33.4 oC (maximum temperature) and 20.6-22.5 oC (minimum temperature) while relative humidity was 86-90 per cent in the morning and 48-60 per cent in the evening. Hot, cloudy and humid conditions are conducive for brown planthopper multiplication. The crop-weather-brown planthopper-calendar was prepared on the basis of four-year brown planthopper data. This calendar can be used in agro-advisory for giving forewarning of brown planthopper to the farmers.
Open Access
Studying the impact of climate and technology variables on maize productivity in Punjab using GIS
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Gill, Gurpreet Kaur; Som Pal Singh
Climate change has resulted in the variation of temperature and precipitation, affecting the crop production and productivity. A study therefore has been planned to examine the impact of climate and technology variables on maize productivity in Punjab using GIS. Long-term data (1971-2017) on maize yield, fertilizer consumption and maize gross irrigated area was collected from statistical abstracts of Punjab and long-term climatic data on maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall during the maize growing period was collected from Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, different research stations of PAU, India Meteorological Department, New Delhi and different websites. The maize yield increased in all the districts and the rate of increase was highest at Patiala (74.3 kg year-1). Significant increase has been observed in minimum temperature during maize growing period in all the maize growing districts, whereas no significant trend has been observed in maximum temperature and rainfall, although large year to year variations have been observed. Significant increase in fertilizer consumption in all the districts of the state was observed except Amritsar, where no trend was observed. Significant decrease has been observed in maize gross irrigated area in all the maize growing districts except Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar where the trend increased. The Mann-Kendall test results revealed that long term (1971-2017) seasonal variability showed the increase in minimum temperature in Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Roopnagar @ 0.04°C year-1 and increase in maximum temperature in Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, Patiala and Roopnagar @0.03°C year-1. Temporal seasonal variability showed the decrease in maximum temperature in Jalandhar @ -0.14°C year-1 and increased in Patiala @ 0.10°C year-1 during 2001-2010. Increase in minimum temperature in Gurdaspur @ 0.37°C year-1 was observed during 2001-2010. Stepwise regression showed that 95.3 per cent of the variance in maize yield was explained by minimum temperature and 2.8 per cent by fertilizers. Inverse distance weighted method in Arc GIS 10.4 was used to show the spatial variability in maize productivity, technology variables and weather parameters during its growing period.
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Spatio-temporal variability in evapotranspiration and moisture availability in different agroclimatic regions of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Aatralarasi S; Kingra, P. K.
Water scarcity is faced by the state of Punjab due to depletion of groundwater resources. This situation urges more detailed study, in terms of region-wise water availability over long-term period. A number of studies have been conducted in the past examining the supply side of hydrological cycle i.e precipitation. But the current study deals with demand side i.e reference evapotranspiration (ETO), a parameter directly relating climate change in terms of water requirements. In addition to this, two other parameters viz. Aridity Index (AI) and Moisture Index (MI) were also studied. Computation of ETO was done by HS method, MI by Krishnan and Singh method and AI by UNESCO method. Trend analysis was studied with Mann- Kendall test and classical statistical procedures. Spatial interpolation was done in Arc GIS 10.4 software. The results concluded that annual ETO increased in north-east region and south-west @ 1.46 mm year-1 and 0.97 mm year-1 respectively. Rabi season ETO increased in north-east region @ 1.27 mm year-1. Annual MI was observed to be dry during first decade (1971-80), there was increase in water availability during the next two decades and again dry from 2000 onwards. Annual and seasonal AI values were observed to be highest in north-east followed by Central and lowest in south-west. A critical analysis of the study indicated decreased ETO till 2000 contributed to higher AI & MI values denoting more moisture availability till 2000 and decreased thereafter annually as well as seasonally due to higher ETO. The results also indicated spatial variability in moisture availability in the state from north-east to south-west. There was prominent difference in moisture ranges during earlier decades, but this difference was reduced in recent decades which might be due to huge impact of climate change in the north-east region. To conclude, south-west region faced severe water crisis even from earlier decades, but under recent conditions of climate change north-east region is also coming under the stress situation. This alarms the need for judicious water management in all regions of state.
Open Access
Comparative testing of CERES-Wheat and InfoCrop models to predict and optimize wheat yields in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sarabjit Singh; Sidhu, Prabhjyot Kaur
A simulation study was conducted for predicting and optimizing wheat yield in Punjab under climate change scenarios using CERES-Wheat and InfoCrop-Wheat models. The actual data on phenology and yield of three wheat cultivars (WH 1105, HD 2967 and PBW 621) sown under five dates of sowing (28 October, 4 November, 11 November, 18 November and 25 November) during rabi 2014-15 were used for calibration and during rabi 2015-16 were used for validation of the two models. The anthesis and physiological maturity of wheat cultivars was predicted within -9 to +3 days and -7 to +1 days, respectively by CERES-Wheat and -3 to +11 and -10 to +1 days, respectively by InfoCrop-Wheat model. The calibration and validation of the CERES-Wheat and InfoCrop-Wheat model showed good agreement between the observed and simulated values with RMSE value 493.8 kg/ha and 434.4 kg/ha for grain yield respectively. Keeping in view the observed trends in climate variability, phenology and yield of wheat were simulated under climatic scenarios of changes in temperature (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 oC from normal), solar radiation (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 20.0 % from normal) and their combined interactive effects during whole season, vegetative phase, grain filling phase, 0-30 days after sowing (DAS), 30-60 DAS and 60-90 DAS. In general, with an increase in temperature above normal, both the CERES-Wheat and InfoCrop-Wheat model predicted advancement in phenological development in wheat and vice versa. With the imposition of increase in temperature and decrease in solar radiation the CERES-Wheat model predicted decrease in grain yield. The maximum reduction in grain yield of wheat was observed in whole season followed by grain filling phase, vegetative phase, 60-90 DAS, 30-60 DAS and 0-30 DAS in decreasing order. On the other hand, InfoCrop-Wheat model did not respond to the change in phenology or yield with increase or decrease in solar radiation. The CERES-Wheat model predictions showed that wheat cv WH 1105 was more tolerant to heat and radiative stress than cv HD 2967 and cv PBW 621 and hence may be recommended for cultivation due to its tolerant traits towards maintaining its yield as well as harvest index. The InfoCrop-Wheat model predicted the sowing on 26 November with nitrogen application of 135 to150 kg/ha is best option for optimizing wheat yield but the InfoCrop-Wheat model did not respond under change in plant population. Hence as is indicative from several unexpected results simulated by the InfoCrop-Wheat model, the present version 2.1 of the model needs further scrutiny and refinement. The CERES-Wheat model predicted that amongst the growing windows, sowing of wheat on November 19 with plant population of 100 m-2 and nitrogen application of 135 to 150 kg/ha is the best for optimizing wheat yield in the state.
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Verification of medium range weather forecast and economic impact analysis of weather based agro-advisories for rice-wheat crops in central Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Bhawna; Gill, K.K.
A study was planned for the verification of medium range forecast and economic impact analysis of weather based agro- advisories for rice- wheat crops in central Punjab. For the study eight different weather websites (imd.gov.in, weather.com, weatherbug.com, weatherunderground.com, skymetweather.com, bbcweather.co.uk.in, accuweather.com, mosdac.gov.in) forecast data (daily and weekly) were taken and compared with the observed data for the year 2017- 2018. The analysis of temperature, rainfall and weather remarks has been done for different intervals i.e. first, second, third day and weekly forecast. The analysis showed that weather.com gave highest accuracy for forecast of maximum temperature for first, second and third day. Similarly, bbcweather.co.uk.in gave highest accuracy for forecast of minimum temperature, whereas, weatherbug.com gave highest accuracy for forecast of weather remarks forecast of first, second and third day, respectively. However, weatherbug.com gave highest accuracy for weekly forecast of maximum temperature and accuweather.com gave highest accuracy for weekly minimum temperature. Rainfall forecast given by IMD is having good accuracy in qualitative terms and in quantitative terms it varied between -48.9 to 104.3 mm. Among the weather data studied for all the three districts, Ludhiana district showed the highest accuracy of forecast for temperature, rainfall and weather remarks. The medium range weather forecast issued by IMD, Chandigarh on different weather parameters viz., rainfall, temperature, cloud cover, wind speed and wind direction during past four pentads (2000-05, 2005-10, 2010-15 and 2015-18) has been verified for Ludhiana station. Rainfall accuracy was maximum (99 per cent) during post monsoon season for third (2010-15) and fourth pentad (2015-18). Similarly, cloud cover accuracy was maximum (76 per cent) during post monsoon season for third pentad (2010-15). Maximum temperature accuracy was highest (74 per cent) for post monsoon season during second pentad (2005-10). The accuracy of minimum temperature was 60 per cent for post monsoon season during first pentad (2000-05).Wind speed accuracy was maximum (77 per cent) during summer season for second pentad (2005-10).Wind direction accuracy was 40 per cent which was highest recorded during post monsoon season for first pentad (2000-05). The economic impact analysis of weather based advisories was also undertaken for rice-wheat crop during the year 2017-18. The comparison was done between farmers who adopted agro-advisories issued by PAU and non-adopters. The AAS adopted farmers were benefited by 29.4 per cent for rice and 14.9 per cent for wheat crop as compared to non- AAS farmers.
Open Access
Effect of growing environments on the incidence of mustard diseases
(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,LUDHIANA, 2019) JAIN, GOURAV; SANDHU, SARABJOT KAUR
The present study entitled “Effect of growing environments on the incidence of mustard diseases” was conducted during rabi season 2017-18 at Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU Ludhiana. The experiment on mustard crop was conducted under split-split plot design with three dates of sowing in main plot (10th October, 5th November and 1st December), two cultivars in sub plot (RLC-3 and PBR-357) and two chemical treatment in sub-sub plot (i.e sprayed and unsprayed) replicated thrice. The micrometeorological parameters viz. photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), canopy temperature and relative humidity within canopy were recorded at periodic intervals, while daily meteorological parameters were recorded in Agrometeorological Observatory. Biometric observations such as leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DMA) were recorded periodically. The yield contributing characteristics and yield were recorded at the time of harvesting. The disease incidence and severity was recorded at weekly intervals. From disease severity data area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The results revealed that Alternaria blight incidence and severity was higher in 1st December sown crop (62.5%, 44.2%) followed by 5th November (58.5%, 39.7%) and 10th October sown crop (45.5%, 31.5%). Among the cultivars, RLC-3 showed lower disease incidence and severity (45.3%, 31.5%) as compared to PBR-357 (55.5%, 40.0%). The Alternaria blight incidence and severity were significantly and positively correlated with maximum and minimum temperature and sunshine hours. Whereas, it was negatively correlated with morning and evening relative humidity and rainfall. Regression analysis indicated that most of the meteorological parameters influenced Alternaria blight incidence and severity (R2=0.98) significantly. AUDPC was highest in third date of sowing (162) followed by second (148) and first date (126) of sowing. Among cultivars, PBR-357 showed more area under disease progress curve (162) as compared to RLC-3 (135). Relationships between canopy temperature and relative humidity within canopy and disease incidence and severity gave significantly higher R2 values. The mustard seed yield was observed to be significantly higher in first date of sowing (15.97 q/ha) followed by second and third date of sowing (14.74 and 13.11 q/ha) respectively. Grain yield was significantly higher in cultivar PBR 357(15.08 q/ha) and RLC-3 (14.13 q/ha). Among sprayed and unsprayed treatments, grain yield was significantly higher (15.73 q/ha) under sprayed conditions as compared to unsprayed conditions where it was 13.48 q/ha.
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Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Grover, Karanjot Singh; Raj Kumar Pal
The present study entitled “Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-wheat model” was carried out at the two locations viz., Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Regional Research Station, Bathinda, and Faridkot during the rabi season of the year 2016-17. The soil of both the experimental sites was sandy loam. The experiments were laid out with two wheat cultivars (PBW 725 and PBW 658), two sowing dates (21st November and 9th December) and 5 irrigation levels - I1 (recommended), I2 (skipped at CRI), I3 (skipped at flowering), I4 (skipped at dough stage) and I5(skipped at I2,I3 and I4 respectively) in strip-plot design with three replications. Crop growth, yield and yield attributing characters in terms of number of maximum tillers, effective tillers, LAI, grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield and biomass yield were recorded significantly higher under the normal sowing (21st November). The genotype PBW 725 performed better under normal sowing, while PBW 658 for late sowing at both the locations. The highest significant grain yield was recorded with crop sown on 21st November (3476 kg ha-1 and 3483 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Faridkot respectively) than 9th December sown crop (3041 kg ha-1 and 2970 kg ha-1 at both the locations, respectively). The CERES-wheat model underestimated the days to attain emergence, grain yield and biomass, while overestimated in respect of anthesis and physiological maturity. Lesser variations were observed with recommended irrigation than rest of the irrigation levels at both the locations. About 0.5-14%, 3-22% and 5.7-33% reduction in grain yield were found with elevated mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3 °C respectively. However, yield was increased by 3-12%, 4-35% and 3-77% with decrease in mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3°C respectively. Among sowing windows, maximum grain yield was predicted on 11th November with the recommended irrigation at Bathinda, while, 40mm irrigation amount was found optimum for contributing maximum grain yield.

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