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a Study of micro-Climate and crop response of soybean (Glycine max L.) Using a Iine source sprinkler system
(Department of Agricultural metrology College of Agriculture PAU, Ludhiana, 1995) Kaur, Pavneet; Hundal, S. S
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Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Grover, Karanjot Singh; Raj Kumar Pal
The present study entitled “Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-wheat model” was carried out at the two locations viz., Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Regional Research Station, Bathinda, and Faridkot during the rabi season of the year 2016-17. The soil of both the experimental sites was sandy loam. The experiments were laid out with two wheat cultivars (PBW 725 and PBW 658), two sowing dates (21st November and 9th December) and 5 irrigation levels - I1 (recommended), I2 (skipped at CRI), I3 (skipped at flowering), I4 (skipped at dough stage) and I5(skipped at I2,I3 and I4 respectively) in strip-plot design with three replications. Crop growth, yield and yield attributing characters in terms of number of maximum tillers, effective tillers, LAI, grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield and biomass yield were recorded significantly higher under the normal sowing (21st November). The genotype PBW 725 performed better under normal sowing, while PBW 658 for late sowing at both the locations. The highest significant grain yield was recorded with crop sown on 21st November (3476 kg ha-1 and 3483 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Faridkot respectively) than 9th December sown crop (3041 kg ha-1 and 2970 kg ha-1 at both the locations, respectively). The CERES-wheat model underestimated the days to attain emergence, grain yield and biomass, while overestimated in respect of anthesis and physiological maturity. Lesser variations were observed with recommended irrigation than rest of the irrigation levels at both the locations. About 0.5-14%, 3-22% and 5.7-33% reduction in grain yield were found with elevated mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3 °C respectively. However, yield was increased by 3-12%, 4-35% and 3-77% with decrease in mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3°C respectively. Among sowing windows, maximum grain yield was predicted on 11th November with the recommended irrigation at Bathinda, while, 40mm irrigation amount was found optimum for contributing maximum grain yield.
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Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jatinderpal Singh; Biswas, Barun
The Field experiment to achieve objectives of the present research entitled "Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways” was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi season 2016-17. The experiment consisted of three sowing dates (5th November (D1), 20th November (D2) and 5th December (D3)) and two cultivars (PBW¬ 725 and PBW 677). The crop performance, in terms of growth parameters and yield, was highest under D1, followed by D2 and D3. Significantly higher yield attributing characters (tiller number per m-2, ear length (cm), number of grain per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000 grain weight) may be the reason of higher grain yield and harvest index of PBW-725 sown on 5th November as compare to cultivar PBW-677 and later sowing dates. The data generated during the field experiment was used for calibration and validation of the DSSAT and WOFOST model. The calibration and validation showed good agreement between observed and simulated value with lower Normalized RMSE value by both models. DSSAT model underestimate the days to emergence, anthesis, leaf area index but overestimate the days to physiological maturity and WOFOST model underestimated the days to anthesis and physiological maturity and overestimated emergence days and leaf area index. The grain yield was overpredicted by DSSAT model and underpredicted by WOFOST model with NRMSE value less than 3q/ha-1. The high resolution GCM data for projected climate under four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) used to simulate effect of climate change on wheat. The simulation result under projected climate change scenarios showed the decreasing trend for days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield during 2021-80s period. The result showed the highest significant effect on days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield on using RCP8.5 followed by RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP2.6 in different future time periods. The higher temperature under the RCP8.5 scenario may resulted in more grain yield reduction as compare to other scenarios as the physiology of crop adversely affected under high temperature condition. These finding may provide a useful insight into potential effect of climate change on phenology and yield of wheat crop in 21st century and help the researchers in planning appropriate mitigation techniques.
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Impacts of climate change on spatio-temporal variability in cropping patterns over trans-gangatic plains
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Baljeet Kaur; Som Pal Singh
In the present study, analysis of spatial and temporal variation in climatic parameters and cropping patterns in trans-gangetic plains was carried out. The historical climatic data and data pertaining to area and productivity of wheat, rice and maize crops for the period 1971-72 to 2015-16 were employed for the investigation. The climatic data was analysed on the basis of decades, years and season using Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope statistics to examine the variability and trends over the study area. Spatial and temporal interpolations using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method were used to develop the gradient of the data. Relative change in area of wheat, rice and maize was determined decade-wise. Step-wise regression was used to study the impact of climate change on wheat, rice and maize productivity. Under future climatic scenario RCP8.5, InfoCrop model was evaluated to project the wheat, rice and maize yields. During rabi season, higher rate of maximum and minimum temperature was observed for Haryana and central zone of Punjab. No trend was observed in rainfall in trans-gangetic plains. Rate of increase in maximum temperature was 0.063 oC for Haryana, 0.04 oC for northern Rajasthan and 0.049 oC for Delhi. Rate of increase in minimum temperature was 0.031oC for Punjab and 0.045 oC for Haryana. Area under wheat over TGP increased at the rate of 468 ha per decade significantly (R2 =0.92). It has increased by 24.68%, 80.93%, 9.39% and 39.80% in Punjab, Haryana, northern Rajasthan and TGP; respectively whereas area under wheat in Delhi decreased by 57.78% as compared with 1971-80. The analysis of area under rice and maize revealed that area under maize declined over the trans-gangetic plain region by 70.7% in 2016 compared with 1980. Per cent change in rice area was 157.6 in TGP. Wheat and maize productivity was affected negatively mostly by minimum temperature alone. Rice productivity showed positive relationship with increasing trends of temperature. Future projection of wheat, rice and maize showed that wheat productivity will decrease more in Punjab (R2=0.76) followed by Delhi (R2=0.72) and Haryana (R2=0.66). Decline in rice yield will be more in northern Rajasthan (R2=0.62) followed by Delhi (R2=0.58). More declines in maize will be in Haryana (R2= 0.77) under future climatic scenario.
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Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harleen Kaur; Kingra, P.K.
ABSTRACT The field experiment entitled, “Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in Punjab” was carried out at the Research Farm of the Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017. The field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in split plot design with 3 replications having three dates of sowing (D1-Third week of May, D2-Second week of June and D3- First week of July) in main plots and two irrigation levels i.e. irrigation at IW: CPE of 1.00 (I1) and 0.75 (I2) and two mulch levels viz. mulch @ 5 t ha-1 (M1) and no mulch (M2) in the sub-plots. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture with normal pH and electrical conductivity and low in organic carbon. PAR interception and relative humidity was highest in D2 as compared to D1 and D3 and among irrigation and mulch treatments in I2 and M1. The canopy temperature was highest in D3 as compared to D1 and D2 and among irrigation and mulch in I1 and M2 treatments at reproductive stage of crop. Higher plant height, dry matter and LAI was observed in the crop sown during second week of June and among irrigation and mulch treatments in I2 and M1. The total water use was more in D1 (540.5 and 477.5 mm) as compared to the D2 (493.3 and 399.0 mm) and D3 (415.1 and 316.3 mm) in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Among mulch and irrigation levels, the total water use was more in non-mulched crop (M2) and under IW/CPE=1.00 (I1).The yield attributing characters under D2 were statistically at par with D1 and significantly higher than D3 and among mulch and irrigation treatments in M1 and I2. During 2016, difference in grain yield under different dates of sowing was found to be non-significant. During 2017, the grain yield under D2 (52.37 q/ha) was at par with D1 (50.86 q/ha) but was significantly higher than D3 (41.04 q/ha). During 2017, among mulch levels, the grain yield was significantly higher in mulch applied crop (50.71 q/ha) as compared to non-mulched crop (46.14 q/ha). The water, heat and radiation use efficiency of maize was also found to be higher under D2, I2 and M1, during both the years. The priestley-taylor method gave higher ETo in all three dates of sowing and was closer to open-pan evaporation except in first date of sowing during 2016, in which ETo was higher in FAO-56 (602.4 mm). The crop coefficients calculated by Papadakis method were comparatively higher as compared to that calculated by other methods. Good agreement was observed between actual and simulated yield (R2=0.77 each) and water productivity (R2= 0.43 and 0.44) during both the crop growing seasons. Simulation results showed that water productivity of maize increased with increase in CO2 concentration and decreased with increase in temperature, but this decrease could be compensated by simultaneous increase in CO2 concentration.
Open Access
Retrieval of temperature from satellite remote sensing and its effect on rice and wheat productivity in different agro-climatic regions of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Majumder, Atin; Kingra, P.K.
Land surface temperature is an important indicator of the earth's environmental analysis which is significantly affected by changes in land use/land cover (LULC). The Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite data of January and September of the years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 was used to study the impact of LULC changes on LST and its affect on crop yield (rice and wheat) in SBS Nagar, Ludhiana and Bathinda districts representing different agroclimatic zones of Punjab (India). The urban heat island (UHI) intensities were also modelled in one major city (Balachaur in SBS Nagar district, Ludhiana city in Ludhiana district and Bathinda city in district) of each district. The Landsat satellite imageries were classified for the major LULC classes (vegetation (including agriculture and forest), water, built-up and bare soil) in each district using different spectral indices. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used for extracting vegetation, Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for extracting water, Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) for extracting built-up and Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) for extracting bare soil. The results showed that vegetation is the key land provider for built-up development in SBS Nagar and Ludhiana districts, whereas bare soil and water bodies were the main contributor of land for expansion of built-up and vegetation over the years in Bathinda district.Compared with 1991, the land surface temperature has increased in these districts over the years, but the rate of increase was highest in Ludhiana district. The relationships between air temperature and LST showed that air temperature can be predicted from LST using equation Ta = 0.86 Ts (where Ta is air temperature and Ts is land surface temperature). NDVI was significantly positively correlated with rice and wheat yield, but significantly negatively correlated with LST. Compared with 1991, there was an increase in temperature of built-up over the years in all the cities, but the degree of increase was highest from 1991 to 2001. The temperature of urban areas around vegetation and water bodies was lower than the urban areas devoid of these features. The UHI effect was mainly in the range between 2 and 4oC for Balachaur city, between 4 and 6oC for Bathinda city and between 2 and 6oC for Ludhiana city. The area under worst thermal condition (UTFVI > 0.020) was highest in Bathinda city (46.1% area) followed by Ludhiana and Balachaur cities (31.6% each).
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Crop-weather-insect/disease interactions in mungbean under different growing environments
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Karmjit Singh; Sandhu, Sarabjot Kaur
The present study entitled “Crop-weather insect/disease interactions in mungbean under different growing environments” was conducted during kharif season 2016 at Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU Ludhiana. The experiment was laid with split-split plot design with three different growing environments viz. three dates of sowing in main plots (1st July, 15th July and 30th July), two varieties in sub plots (ML 2056 and PAU 911) and three different row spacings in sub sub plots (22.5 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm) having 6 replications out of which 3 were sprayed and 3 were unsprayed. The micrometeorological parameters viz. photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded at periodic intervals while daily meteorological parameters were recorded in the Agrometeorological Observatory. Biometric observations such as leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were recorded periodically. The yield and yield contributing characteristics were recorded at harvesting. The insect count i.e. number of whitefly per plant, MYMV incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals. Based on the visual observations the disease incidence was calculated and further the disease severity was also worked out to classify the two mungbean varieties as resistant or susceptible. The results revealed that whitefly population and disease incidence percentage was more in 1st July (2.1-10.5 whitefly per plant and 76%) sowing in variety PAU 911 (2.6-11.4 whitefly per plant and 79%) with narrow row spacing of 22.5 cm (2.4-9.3 whitefly per plant and 75%) respectively than the other treatments. The whitefly population was significantly correlated with minimum temperature and morning relative humidity while the disease incidence and severity were significantly correlated with minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity. The relationships between PAR interception, leaf area and dry matter accumulation signified the percent variability in PAR interception due to change in leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in mungbean. The accumulated growing degree days (AGDD), accumulated heliothermal units (AHTU) and accumulated photothermal units (APTU) were significantly higher in case of early sown crop i.e. 1st July in variety ML 2056 than other treatments. The yield losses from different treatments were reported to be higher in late sown crop 30th July (24.37 %) in variety PAU 911 (37.68 %) with row spacing of 22.5 cm (23.44 %).
Open Access
Performance of wheat cultivars under present and futuristic climatic conditions using crop simulation model in central Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Divya; Gill, K.K.
A study was planned to assess the performance of three wheat cultivars under present and futuristic climatic conditions using DSSAT model. For the study, three wheat cultivars- HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 under different sowings 25th October, 15th November and 05th December were taken. The performance of these cultivars was assessed for observed period (1970-2015), MC (2020-50) and EC (2060-90) period. The future data was taken from GCM model under two RCP scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Among the best five models performed well, HADGEM2 model showed the future data close to the observed period. The biasness in the modelled data was removed using linear scaling method. Following all the inputs in management file to run DSSAT model as per PAU package of practices (2016-17) except the irrigation, which was scheduled based on IW/CPE 1.0. The results showed that the mean temperature would increase by 1.4°C during MC and 2.9°C during EC under RCP 4.5 while under RCP 8.5, there would be increase in mean temperature by 1.4°C during MC and 4.1°C during EC. In case of rainfall, under RCP 4.5, there would be increase in rainfall by 29% during MC and 24% during EC but under RCP 8.5, the rainfall would increase 16% during MC and 34% during EC from the observed period. Due to increase in temperature and rainfall both during MC and EC, the phenology of the three wheat cultivars would change which indirectly affect the yield. Under RCP 4.5 during MC, the days to maturity advances by 9, 7 and 4 days for HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 while during EC, the days would advances by 15, 10 and 7 days. Similarly, under RCP 8.5, during MC the days to physiological maturity would advance by 8, 6 and 3 days for HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 whereas during EC, the days would advance by 21, 14 and 11 days. The average yield of WH 1105 was 6017 kg/ha, highest than the other two cultivars during the observed period and its irrigation requirement was also the lowest. While during MC under RCP 4.5, the irrigation requirement was equal for both HD 2967 and WH 1105 but the average yield of 4666 kg/ha was highest for HD 2967 but lowest for PBW 590. During EC, WH 1105 showed the highest average yield of 4989 kg/ha and also its irrigation requirement would be less than HD 2967. Under RCP 8.5, during MC the highest yield of 4715 kg/ha observed for WH 1105 with less irrigation requirement. During EC, WH 1105 showed the highest average yield than other cultivars with equal irrigation demand. So, it would be beneficial to grow November sown cv. WH 1105 during the future period for getting better yield.
Open Access
Impact of climate change on productivity of pulses in central Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Vakeel Singh; Gill, K.K.
The study entitled "Impact of climate change on productivity of pulses in central Punjab" was carried out to ascertain the shift, variation and deviation of climate in Punjab over the period of 45 years (1971-2015) using correlation regression technique and estimate the possible impact of climate and technology on productivity of pulse crops i.e. chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and moongbean (Vigna radiate L.) by developing three different statistical models i.e. SPSS software (model 1), basic model (model 2) and modified model (model 3) with special focus on three districts of central Punjab namely Amritsar, Ludhiana and Patiala. The results revealed an increasing trend in minimum temperature over the period of 45 years (1971-2015) in all the three districts. In Ludhiana minimum temperature has increased during rabi and kharif season by 1.7°C and in Patiala by 0.8°C in kharif and 0.6°C in rabi at 1 per cent level of significance. In case of maximum temperature, Ludhiana has shown an increase during rabi season by 0.8°C, Amritsar has shown decrease in both rabi and kharif season by 0.1°C and 0.2°C and Patiala has shown an increase in both rabi and kharif season by 0.8°C and 0.3°C, respectively. In Ludhiana, rainfall has non-significantly decreased by 17.2 mm during rabi season and increased by 21.6 mm during kharif season. In Amritsar and Patiala rainfall has non-significantly decreased in both kharif and rabi seasons. In Ludhiana district, bright sunshine hours have decreased significantly at 1 per cent level in both rabi and kharif seasons by 1.2 and 1.1 hours, respectively. Use of basic model (model 2) brought out that sunshine hours during 10th week of gram growing season have a positive effect on gram yield in Ludhiana district, while the minimum temperature during 4th to 5th weeks have negative effect on gram yield in Ludhiana district. Minimum temperature during 51st and maximum temperature during 44th to 46th weeks of gram growing season in Amritsar district have negative effect on gram yield. Minimum temperature during 52nd to 1st weeks and rainfall during 44th to 46th weeks of gram growing season in Patiala district have negative effect on gram yield. Maximum temperature during 39th week of moong growing season in Patiala district have negative effect on moong yield, while rainfall during 35th week have positive effect on moong yield in Patiala district. The three models (i.e. SPSS, basic model as well as modified model) predict gram and moong yield very well and the error per cent of these three models was almost below 30 per cent for three districts (Ludhiana, Amritsar and Patiala) of central Punjab. The SPSS model was best fit for Ludhiana, Patiala and Amritsar region as far as gram yield is concerned. In case of moong, SPSS analysis fit best for Ludhiana and Amritsar, while modified model fits better for Patiala region as far as moong yield is concerned.

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