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Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-Wheat model
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Grover, Karanjot Singh; Raj Kumar Pal
The present study entitled “Effect of heat and moisture stress on wheat genotypes and possible mitigation strategies using the DSSAT-CSM-CERES-wheat model” was carried out at the two locations viz., Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Regional Research Station, Bathinda, and Faridkot during the rabi season of the year 2016-17. The soil of both the experimental sites was sandy loam. The experiments were laid out with two wheat cultivars (PBW 725 and PBW 658), two sowing dates (21st November and 9th December) and 5 irrigation levels - I1 (recommended), I2 (skipped at CRI), I3 (skipped at flowering), I4 (skipped at dough stage) and I5(skipped at I2,I3 and I4 respectively) in strip-plot design with three replications. Crop growth, yield and yield attributing characters in terms of number of maximum tillers, effective tillers, LAI, grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield and biomass yield were recorded significantly higher under the normal sowing (21st November). The genotype PBW 725 performed better under normal sowing, while PBW 658 for late sowing at both the locations. The highest significant grain yield was recorded with crop sown on 21st November (3476 kg ha-1 and 3483 kg ha-1 at Bathinda and Faridkot respectively) than 9th December sown crop (3041 kg ha-1 and 2970 kg ha-1 at both the locations, respectively). The CERES-wheat model underestimated the days to attain emergence, grain yield and biomass, while overestimated in respect of anthesis and physiological maturity. Lesser variations were observed with recommended irrigation than rest of the irrigation levels at both the locations. About 0.5-14%, 3-22% and 5.7-33% reduction in grain yield were found with elevated mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3 °C respectively. However, yield was increased by 3-12%, 4-35% and 3-77% with decrease in mean temperature by 1, 2 and 3°C respectively. Among sowing windows, maximum grain yield was predicted on 11th November with the recommended irrigation at Bathinda, while, 40mm irrigation amount was found optimum for contributing maximum grain yield.
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Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jatinderpal Singh; Biswas, Barun
The Field experiment to achieve objectives of the present research entitled "Performance of WOFOST and DSSAT models in predicting effect of climate change on wheat under different RCP emission pathways” was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi season 2016-17. The experiment consisted of three sowing dates (5th November (D1), 20th November (D2) and 5th December (D3)) and two cultivars (PBW¬ 725 and PBW 677). The crop performance, in terms of growth parameters and yield, was highest under D1, followed by D2 and D3. Significantly higher yield attributing characters (tiller number per m-2, ear length (cm), number of grain per ear, grain weight per ear, 1000 grain weight) may be the reason of higher grain yield and harvest index of PBW-725 sown on 5th November as compare to cultivar PBW-677 and later sowing dates. The data generated during the field experiment was used for calibration and validation of the DSSAT and WOFOST model. The calibration and validation showed good agreement between observed and simulated value with lower Normalized RMSE value by both models. DSSAT model underestimate the days to emergence, anthesis, leaf area index but overestimate the days to physiological maturity and WOFOST model underestimated the days to anthesis and physiological maturity and overestimated emergence days and leaf area index. The grain yield was overpredicted by DSSAT model and underpredicted by WOFOST model with NRMSE value less than 3q/ha-1. The high resolution GCM data for projected climate under four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) used to simulate effect of climate change on wheat. The simulation result under projected climate change scenarios showed the decreasing trend for days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield during 2021-80s period. The result showed the highest significant effect on days to anthesis, maturity and grain yield on using RCP8.5 followed by RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP2.6 in different future time periods. The higher temperature under the RCP8.5 scenario may resulted in more grain yield reduction as compare to other scenarios as the physiology of crop adversely affected under high temperature condition. These finding may provide a useful insight into potential effect of climate change on phenology and yield of wheat crop in 21st century and help the researchers in planning appropriate mitigation techniques.
Open Access
Retrieval of temperature from satellite remote sensing and its effect on rice and wheat productivity in different agro-climatic regions of Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Majumder, Atin; Kingra, P.K.
Land surface temperature is an important indicator of the earth's environmental analysis which is significantly affected by changes in land use/land cover (LULC). The Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite data of January and September of the years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 was used to study the impact of LULC changes on LST and its affect on crop yield (rice and wheat) in SBS Nagar, Ludhiana and Bathinda districts representing different agroclimatic zones of Punjab (India). The urban heat island (UHI) intensities were also modelled in one major city (Balachaur in SBS Nagar district, Ludhiana city in Ludhiana district and Bathinda city in district) of each district. The Landsat satellite imageries were classified for the major LULC classes (vegetation (including agriculture and forest), water, built-up and bare soil) in each district using different spectral indices. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used for extracting vegetation, Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) for extracting water, Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) for extracting built-up and Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) for extracting bare soil. The results showed that vegetation is the key land provider for built-up development in SBS Nagar and Ludhiana districts, whereas bare soil and water bodies were the main contributor of land for expansion of built-up and vegetation over the years in Bathinda district.Compared with 1991, the land surface temperature has increased in these districts over the years, but the rate of increase was highest in Ludhiana district. The relationships between air temperature and LST showed that air temperature can be predicted from LST using equation Ta = 0.86 Ts (where Ta is air temperature and Ts is land surface temperature). NDVI was significantly positively correlated with rice and wheat yield, but significantly negatively correlated with LST. Compared with 1991, there was an increase in temperature of built-up over the years in all the cities, but the degree of increase was highest from 1991 to 2001. The temperature of urban areas around vegetation and water bodies was lower than the urban areas devoid of these features. The UHI effect was mainly in the range between 2 and 4oC for Balachaur city, between 4 and 6oC for Bathinda city and between 2 and 6oC for Ludhiana city. The area under worst thermal condition (UTFVI > 0.020) was highest in Bathinda city (46.1% area) followed by Ludhiana and Balachaur cities (31.6% each).
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Crop-weather-insect/disease interactions in mungbean under different growing environments
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Karmjit Singh; Sandhu, Sarabjot Kaur
The present study entitled “Crop-weather insect/disease interactions in mungbean under different growing environments” was conducted during kharif season 2016 at Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU Ludhiana. The experiment was laid with split-split plot design with three different growing environments viz. three dates of sowing in main plots (1st July, 15th July and 30th July), two varieties in sub plots (ML 2056 and PAU 911) and three different row spacings in sub sub plots (22.5 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm) having 6 replications out of which 3 were sprayed and 3 were unsprayed. The micrometeorological parameters viz. photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded at periodic intervals while daily meteorological parameters were recorded in the Agrometeorological Observatory. Biometric observations such as leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were recorded periodically. The yield and yield contributing characteristics were recorded at harvesting. The insect count i.e. number of whitefly per plant, MYMV incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals. Based on the visual observations the disease incidence was calculated and further the disease severity was also worked out to classify the two mungbean varieties as resistant or susceptible. The results revealed that whitefly population and disease incidence percentage was more in 1st July (2.1-10.5 whitefly per plant and 76%) sowing in variety PAU 911 (2.6-11.4 whitefly per plant and 79%) with narrow row spacing of 22.5 cm (2.4-9.3 whitefly per plant and 75%) respectively than the other treatments. The whitefly population was significantly correlated with minimum temperature and morning relative humidity while the disease incidence and severity were significantly correlated with minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity. The relationships between PAR interception, leaf area and dry matter accumulation signified the percent variability in PAR interception due to change in leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in mungbean. The accumulated growing degree days (AGDD), accumulated heliothermal units (AHTU) and accumulated photothermal units (APTU) were significantly higher in case of early sown crop i.e. 1st July in variety ML 2056 than other treatments. The yield losses from different treatments were reported to be higher in late sown crop 30th July (24.37 %) in variety PAU 911 (37.68 %) with row spacing of 22.5 cm (23.44 %).
Open Access
Performance of wheat cultivars under present and futuristic climatic conditions using crop simulation model in central Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Divya; Gill, K.K.
A study was planned to assess the performance of three wheat cultivars under present and futuristic climatic conditions using DSSAT model. For the study, three wheat cultivars- HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 under different sowings 25th October, 15th November and 05th December were taken. The performance of these cultivars was assessed for observed period (1970-2015), MC (2020-50) and EC (2060-90) period. The future data was taken from GCM model under two RCP scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Among the best five models performed well, HADGEM2 model showed the future data close to the observed period. The biasness in the modelled data was removed using linear scaling method. Following all the inputs in management file to run DSSAT model as per PAU package of practices (2016-17) except the irrigation, which was scheduled based on IW/CPE 1.0. The results showed that the mean temperature would increase by 1.4°C during MC and 2.9°C during EC under RCP 4.5 while under RCP 8.5, there would be increase in mean temperature by 1.4°C during MC and 4.1°C during EC. In case of rainfall, under RCP 4.5, there would be increase in rainfall by 29% during MC and 24% during EC but under RCP 8.5, the rainfall would increase 16% during MC and 34% during EC from the observed period. Due to increase in temperature and rainfall both during MC and EC, the phenology of the three wheat cultivars would change which indirectly affect the yield. Under RCP 4.5 during MC, the days to maturity advances by 9, 7 and 4 days for HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 while during EC, the days would advances by 15, 10 and 7 days. Similarly, under RCP 8.5, during MC the days to physiological maturity would advance by 8, 6 and 3 days for HD 2967, WH 1105 and PBW 590 whereas during EC, the days would advance by 21, 14 and 11 days. The average yield of WH 1105 was 6017 kg/ha, highest than the other two cultivars during the observed period and its irrigation requirement was also the lowest. While during MC under RCP 4.5, the irrigation requirement was equal for both HD 2967 and WH 1105 but the average yield of 4666 kg/ha was highest for HD 2967 but lowest for PBW 590. During EC, WH 1105 showed the highest average yield of 4989 kg/ha and also its irrigation requirement would be less than HD 2967. Under RCP 8.5, during MC the highest yield of 4715 kg/ha observed for WH 1105 with less irrigation requirement. During EC, WH 1105 showed the highest average yield than other cultivars with equal irrigation demand. So, it would be beneficial to grow November sown cv. WH 1105 during the future period for getting better yield.
Open Access
Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Buttar, Parminder Singh; Kingra, P.K.
The field experiment entitled, "Assessment and management of climatic variability impact on evapotranspiration and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)" was carried out at the Research Farm of the School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17. The field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in split plot design with 4 replications having three dates of sowing (D1- fourth week of October, D2- second week of November and D3- fourth week of November) in main plots, two irrigation treatments I1(IW/CPE = 0.9) and I2(CRI stage, 5-6 weeks after first irrigation, 3-4/5-6 weeks after 2nd irrigation, 2/4 weeks after 3rd irrigation as per date of sowing) as well as two mulch treatments M1(without mulch) and M2 (with rice straw mulch @ 5 t/ha ) in sub plots. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with normal soil pH and electrical conductivity and low in organic carbon. Recommended cultural practices were followed according to the package of practices, Punjab Agricultural University except the experimental treatments. PAR interception was highest in D1 as compared to D2 and D3 and among irrigation and mulch treatments in I2 and M2. The canopy temperature was highest in D3 as compared to D1 and D2 and among irrigation and mulch in I1 and M1 treatments at reproductive growth stages of crop. The average evapotranspiration computed with soil moisture depletion method was higher in D1 (384.6 mm) as compared to D2 (370.4 mm) and D3 (347.2 mm) for 2015-16 and similarly for 2016-17 average evapotranspiration was higher in D1 (391.4 mm) as compared to D2 (377.6 mm) and D3 (368.6 mm). The average evapotranspiration was higher in crop season of 2016-17 as compared to 2015-16.For the crop season of 2015-16, the grain yield was significantly higher under the D1 (48.49 q/ha) as compared to D2 (46.49 q/ha) and D3 (41.58 q/ha). The grain yield was significantly higher under the I2 (47.33 q/ha) as compared to I1 (43.72 q/ha). For the crop season of 2016-17, the grain yield was significantly higher under the D1 (50.52 q/ha) as compared to D2 (48.08 q/ha) and D3 (42.95 q/ha). The grain yield was significantly higher under the I2 (49.66 q/ha) as compared to I1 (44.71 q/ha). However yield under D2 was statistically at par with D1 in both the years. Differences in mulch levels were non-significant in both the years. Simulation of the effect of increase in temperature and CO2 concentration on grain yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity conducted by modifying the crop environment by using the DSSAT-CERES wheat model showed a decrease in yield and water productivity and increase in ET with increase in the mean temperature but this decrease in yield can be compensated by simultaneous increase in CO2 concentration.
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Simulating the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using CROPWAT
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Saha, Sanu Kumar; Som Pal Singh
Field experimentations on “Simulating the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using CROPWAT” was conducted at Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2016-17. ET requirements of barley for Gurdaspur was also computed by CROPWAT model using the input parameters. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications comprising of three sowing environments D1 (25th October), D2 (10th November), D3 (25th November); two varieties V1 (DWRUB-52) & V2 (PL-807) and three irrigation levels I1 (Recommended), I2 (Skip at vegetative stage) and I3 (Skip at anthesis stage). Growth parameters and yield attributes were higher in crop sown on 10th November as compared to 25th October and 25th November sown crop. DWRUB-52 performed better in terms of several growth parameters, yield components and water use efficiency as compared to PL-807. The 10th November sown crop produced grain yield (45.31 q/ha) much higher than 25th October (42.49 q/ha) and 25th November (37.95 q/ha) sown crop. Mean crop evapotranspiration computed with soil moisture depletion method was higher for 25th November sown crop (38.16 cm) followed by 25th October (37.11 cm) and 10th November (36.01 cm) sown crop. Reference crop evapotranspiration computed by CROPWAT was found higher for Ludhiana (2.74 mm day-1) than Gurdaspur (2.17 mm day-1). Irrigation requirement estimated by CROPWAT was maximum for Ludhiana (299 mm/dec) than Gurdaspur (173 mm/dec). The increasing temperature scenarios i.e. +0.5, +1.0, +1.5 and +2 0C were attempted to investigate the effect of Climate Change on ET requirement of Barley at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur. The elevated temperatures were found to increase the water requirement of barley on both the locations using CROPWAT 8.0.
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Effect of weather variability on phenology, growth and yield of wheat in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jashandeep Kaur; Dhaliwal, L.K.
The present investigation entitled ‘Effect of weather variability on phenology, growth and yield of wheat in Punjab’ was carried out at the Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology during 2016-17. The wheat variety HD-2967 was sown under three different dates of sowing (5th November, 20th November and 5th December) during rabi season 2016-17. The crop was sprayed with four foliar sprays of micro nutrient/ anti-transpirant (control, Foliar spray of ZnSo4 at anthesis (0.5%), KNO3 (0.5%) at 50% flowering and KNO3 (1.0%) at anthesis stage, Thio-urea 10 milimole at anthesis) and the experiment was laid out in split-spilt plot design. Micrometeorological data on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, relative humidity and canopy temperature were recorded at different phenological stages. The PAR interception (%) was higher at flag leaf stage in 5th November sown crop (90%) as compared to 20th November sown crop (89%) and 5th December sown crop (87.2%). The PAR interception (%) was slightly higher at soft dough stage (81.4 %) under Thio-urea treated plots in 5th November sown crop followed by 20th November sown crop (79.6 %) and 5th December sown crop (77.9 %). The micro nutrient spray with Thio-urea, potassium nitrate and zinc sulphate treated plots at anthesis showed low canopy temperature as compared to unsprayed or control. Higher leaf area index (LAI) was recorded in 5th November sown crop (4.29) as compared to 20th November sown crop (4.10) and 5th December sown crop (3.79) at 90 DAS. The grain yield was higher (52.8 q/ha) under 5th November followed by 20th November (50.0 q/ha) and 5th December sowing (45.5 q/ha). The numerically higher value of grain yield was obtained under Thio-urea treatments but all the micro nutrients/antitranspirants treatments were statistically at par with each other. Historical weather data indicates increasing trend in maximum and minimum temperature and decreasing trend in rainfall at Ludhiana and Ballowal Saunkhri ; increasing trend in minimum temperature and rainfall but decreasing trend for maximum temperature has been observed at Bathinda. Correlation coefficients between different meteorological parameters and grain yield of wheat indicates no clear cut relationship. Historical western disturbances data of Punjab indicates that number of western disturbances were increased during January, February and March during last five years and it showed negative correlation with wheat yield at Ludhiana and Ballowal Saunkhri. Maximum variability in wheat yield due to western disturbances was at Ludhiana as compared to Bathinda and Ballowal Saunkhri.
Open Access
Effect of elevated temperature regimes on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its mitigation by agronomic management techniques
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Kaur; Sidhu, Prabhjyot Kaur
A field experiment was conducted within a temperature gradient tunnel (TGT: 30m x 5m x 3m) to investigate the effect of elevated temperature regimes on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its mitigation by agronomic management techniques at the Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana during rabi, 2015-16. The experiment comprised of 54 treatments combinations viz. 6 temperature regimes (+3.0, +3.2, +3.3, +3.5 and +3.6oC), 3 wheat cultivars (WH-1105, PBW-550 and HD-2967) and 3 foliar spray treatment (No foliar spray, Water spray and Urea spray 3%). The data on micrometeorological parameters, phenology, periodic growth parameters, yield and yield attributes of wheat cultivars were recorded. The foliar spray of urea 3% and foliar spray of water were applied at the late jointing and grain filling stage. The results of the study indicate that plant height and spikelet sterility increased but grain and straw yield of wheat decreased significantly with rise in temperature within the TGT. The partitioning of photosynthates among the grain and straw yield were severely affected as is indicated by the changes in harvest index. Amongst the spray treatment, the urea spray reduced the negative effect of rise in temperature more effectively as compared to water and no spray treatment. The increase in rate of spikelet sterility, plant height and decrease in rate of yield / yield attributes of wheat cultivars was mitigate effectively by the urea spray treatment. The yield and yield attributes at elevated temperature regimes was decreased maximum in cv. PBW-550 followed by cv. WH-1105 and cv. HD-2967 from ambient conditions. Amongst the wheat cultivars, HD-2967 was most tolerant and PBW-550 was most susceptible to an increase in temperature. The results of the study indicate that under anticipated increase in temperature, cv. HD-2967 may be recommended for cultivation due to its tolerant growth traits towards maintaining its yield and yield attributes under high temperature condition which are the most important determinants of high productivity of a cultivar.

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