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ThesisItem Open Access A Study of Compliance of Basel II Norms by Selected Banks(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sharma, Sarishma; Kumar, BabitaThesisItem Open Access A Study of Food Adulteration and its Remedial Measures(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Singh, Dilraj; Kapur, SandeepThesisItem Open Access A Comparitive Analysis of Milk Procurement System Followed by Cooperative and Private Sector Milk Processing Units(College of Basic Science and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Bansal, Sonal; Kapur, SandeepThesisItem Open Access Study on potentials of farm income in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Sachdeva, Jatinder; Sharma, J. L.The study was undertaken with a view to identify the potentials of increasing farm income in Punjab. The study was conducted in all the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab to make it representative for the state. The primary data were collected from a sample of 300 farmers pertaining to the agricultural year 2008-09. The techniques of multiple regression analysis and linear programming were used to analyze the data. The production function analysis revealed that human labour employed, availability of irrigation machinery and farm size were the most important determinants of the gross value of produce from crop production. Whereas, in the case of dairy farming quantity of concentrates fed and expenditure on veterinary care emerged as important determinants of the gross value of milk produced. The technical efficiency of the farms of Central Plain Zone (Zone-II) was the highest followed by South-western Zone (Zone-III) and Sub-mountainous Zone (Zone-I). This can be attributed to favourable soil, water and climatic conditions and better access to research and extension agencies in Zone-II. The improved plans developed at two levels of technology increased the returns to fixed farm resources ranging from 2.19 to 3.86 per cent in Improved Plan-I and 13.95 to 17.06 per cent in Improved Plan-II on farms of different size categories in the state. The findings of the study revealed that by developing irrigation facilities, providing training for vegetable cultivation and short term credit facilities will help in increasing farm income especially in Sub-mountainous Zone. The development of short duration varieties of oilseeds and pulses which can easily fit in the paddy-wheat rotation will also help in increasing the income of farmers. The rational use of inputs like fertilizers and insecticides-pesticides helps in decreasing variable cost and ultimately increases the farm income. To make the agricultural system competitive and to increase the income of farmers, efforts should be made by all the interest groups involved in the farm sector.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical study of production and marketing of rapeseed and mustard in Bathinda District (Punjab)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Kamalpreet Kaur; Parminder KaurThe present study was conducted to estimate the costs and returns structure in the production of rapeseed and mustard, to identify the marketing channels, to analyze the price spread in the marketing of rapeseed and mustard and to identify the constraints in the production and marketing of rapeseed and mustard in Bathinda district of Punjab during 2015-16. Primary data were collected from 80 farmers comprised of 27 small, 47 medium and 6 large farmers from four villages of Talwandi Sabo and Sangat blocks of Bathinda district. To study the marketing aspects data were collected from various intermediaries in Raman and Sangat markets of Bathinda district. The results revealed that the average size of operational holding in case of small, medium and large farmers was 3.99, 11.85 and 29.50 acres, respectively. The area under rapeseed and mustard on the said categories of farms was 0.94, 2.97 and 7.65 acres, respectively. The total fixed costs per acre were estimated to be Rs.7277.90, Rs.7312.94 and Rs.4974.27 while per acre total variable costs came out to be Rs.7612.87, Rs.7311.01 and Rs.7138.11, respectively on the small, medium and large farms. The returns over variable costs were found highest on large farms (Rs.15545.05) as compared to medium (Rs.12951.18) and small (Rs.11908.51) farms. Total cost per quintal of output was estimated to be the lowest on the large farms which might be due to operation of economies of scale. The per cent profit margin was estimated to be 23.72, 27.82 and 46.60 per cent on small, medium and large farms, respectively. The results of productivity analysis showed that at overall level the actual yield was found less than the yield of PAU recommended variety (PBR 357) by 3.50 quintal per acre. This gap could be narrowed down by making available better quality farm inputs, pesticides and insecticides, weed control and disease management. The marketed surplus on large farms came out to be 95.09 per cent followed by small (90.53%) and medium (89.67%) farms. The price spread in Sangat market (Rs.8008.90) was found to be more than that Raman market (Rs.7953.90) in Channel-I (Producer-Processor-Oil wholesalers-Oil retailers-Consumers). Producer’s share in consumer rupee in channel-II was found more as compared to both the markets in channel I as none of intermediaries were involved in this channel. High cost of inputs, shortage of labour, non-availability of quality inputs particularly plant protection chemicals, production and price risks, incidence of pests and diseases, lack of suitable varieties, exploitation by middlemen and lack of processing facilities were important production and marketing constraints and overcoming these constraints is critical for improving production and productivity of rapeseed and mustard in the district. Major avenues for future increase in rapeseed and mustard production are expected to come from enhancement in productivity of this crop. A combination of high yielding varieties and hybrids and efficient crop management needs to be adopted.ThesisItem Restricted AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARM PRODUCE PROMOTION SOCIETY (FAPRO)-A CASE STUDY(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Udeshna Talukdar; Kamal, VattaThe present study was conducted to examine the economics of value addition and to estimate the extent of employment generation through value addition activities of FAPRO (Farm Produce Promotion Society). The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from audit reports and accounts maintained by the organization. The primary data were also collected from 40 turmeric growers and 10 beekeepers who were the members of FAPRO. Apart from the economics of cultivation at the farm level, the data were also collected on various activities being undertaken by FAPRO. The processing of turmeric gave net profits of Rs 2838/q with the resulting benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.31. The processing of honey gave net profits of Rs 4310/q with the benefit-cost ratio of 1:1.32. The capacity utilization of FAPRO was very low at 4.67 per cent for turmeric and 3.50 per cent for honey processing. Approximately 2300 man days of employment was generated at the FAPRO premises for processing of turmeric and honey. In addition, turmeric cultivation generated the demand for 33 man days per acre for its cultivation. A colony of 100 boxes also resulted into 162 man days of labour requirement. The lack of modern machines and equipment, under-utilization of installed capacity and problems of marketing were the major constraints of FAPRO. Improvement in the quality, increased expenditure on advertisement and publicity, improved packaging and increase in capacity utilization are necessary for improving the economic performance of FAPRO in future.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF PUNJAB MANDI BOARD IN HANDLING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Kamala; S S, ChahalThe present study was conducted to assess the financial, managerial and organizational efficiency of Punjab Mandi Board in handling of fruits and vegetables. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select markets based on volume of market arrivals. The farmers, intermediaries and market labourer were selected randomly from each sample market. The secondary data were collected on various parameters such as market arrivals, market fee, income, expenditure, etc were collected from the headquarters of Punjab Mandi Board and the selected market committees. The primary data were collected from the sample respondents through personal interview method pertaining to facilities, problems, etc. faced by them in the disposal and handling of fruits and vegetables. The data were analysed using compound growth rate and relative changes in real term, etc. There was a significant growth in both the share of fruits and vegetables to total market arrivals and per quintal market fee. A decline was seen in both real investment of Punjab Mandi Board on developmental activities and investment at current price, though, in the case of link roads and grading, the real investment has increased over time. The financial, managerial and organization performance of the Mandi Board and sample market committees was up to mark. As far as the market committees were concerned, the large markets were working more efficiently as compared to small and medium markets. The result pertaining to adequacy of various facilities revealed that the farmers, commission agents and market labourers were not fully satisfied. So, there is need to improve the working of the market committees in respect of physical facilities to fine tune up the present marketing system.ThesisItem Restricted AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TURMERIC CULTIVATION IN PUNJAB(PAU Ludhiana, 2014) Devendra Kumar Mahawar; D. K., GroverThe present study was carried out to estimate the relative profitability of turmeric and its major competing crops/rotations along with marketing problems. The returns over variable cost per hectare were found to be the highest for the paddy-wheat (`87381) followed by turmeric-green gram (`84724), turmeric-fodder (`55983) and turmeric-fallow (`45380) crop rotations on the sample farms. The benefit-cost ratio was highest for the paddy-wheat crop rotation (2.78) followed by turmeric-green gram (1.72), turmeric-fodder (1.48) and turmeric-fallow (1.40). The returns from turmeric-green gram crop rotation were almost at par with paddy-wheat crop rotation. Thus farmers can go for this option to diversify their cropping pattern away from paddy-wheat rotation. Regression analysis has highlighted to increase expenditure on seed and weeding in order to further enhance the productivity/ profitability of turmeric. Weed management and scarcity of labour were the major biotic and abiotic constraints as reported by the sample farmers. Price variability and inadequate marketing facilities were the other constraints inhibiting the farmers to expand turmeric acreage. Such constraints need to be addressed properly to promote turmeric cultivation in the state.ThesisItem Open Access CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS AND PRECEPTIONS REGARDING SERVICE QUALITY IN ORGANISED RETAIL STORES IN LUDHIANA(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) CHANDAN GOEL; Pratibha, GoyalThe research project titled ―Customer expectations and perceptions regarding service quality in organised retail stores in Ludhiana‖ was undertaken with the objectives to study the gap between expectations and perceptions of customer towards organised retail stores in Ludhiana and to identify the reasons behind gap between customer‘s expectations and perceptions, if any, and to suggest solutions for the same. The study was conducted by selecting four organised retail stores from Ludhiana city on convenience basis and 25 customers were selected from these stores, thus a total sample size of 100 customers were selected for the study. Primary data was collected with the help of RSQS scale. The study shows that majority of the respondents were willing.