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ThesisItem Open Access Characterization, formulation and quality evaluation of high fibre and antioxidant rich health foods(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-16) Upadhya, Somyarki; Verma, RanjanaHealth foods are considered as treasure of nutrition. Present research investigation was undertaken with the aim of characterization, formulation and quality evaluation of high fibre and antioxidant rich health foods. Chia and quinoa seeds were selected for the study. Physio-chemical and functional properties of raw seeds were observed. In order to achieve an optimal balance of enhanced antioxidative and functional properties, and lower antinutritional factors which are present in these seeds and for better utilization, the seeds were subjected to various processing treatments (roasting, soaking and germination). The effect of the aforesaid treatments was observed on the proximate, total dietary fibre, minerals and antioxidative (bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities) characteristics. Processed seeds exhibited increased crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and reduced total ash and carbohydrates levels. Germination and soaking improved the total dietary fibre content. All the processes improved the levels of bioactive compounds, and therefore the antioxidant activities were also enhanced. The mineral content in raw seeds was found to be higher which reduced during processing except for zinc which increased significantly in chia seeds. Raw and processed seeds were used in the preparation of products, namely cookies and ladoos with different formulations. Sensory evaluation revealed the optimum combination ratios of seeds for both the products which were comparably acceptable with respect to control. The developed value-added products resulted in significant increase in the nutrient content, bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential. Storage stability revealed the cookies and ladoos can be stored safely in HDPE pouches and box up to 90 and 30 days respectively at ambient temperature without much change in the nutrition and sensory characteristics. Therefore, it was concluded that raw and processed chia and quinoa seeds could be utilized as potential ingredients for preparation of value-added products.ThesisItem Open Access Documentation and Evaluation of Buckwheat-based Traditional Food Products(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-04-18) Thakur, Ruchika; Dhaliwal, Y.SKinnaur and Lahaul Spiti districts are places of residence for many tribal communities in Himachal Pradesh. These tribal people rely on the abundance of plant species in their area for food, medicine, fodder, and other necessities. The present study was undertaken with the objectives, to document buckwheat-based traditional food products consumed in tribal areas and to standardize, and enrich in relation to nutritional quality. Some of the most common food products prepared from buckwheat flour were chilla/chilra, aktori, thispole, and poltu. These traditional meals are also known as 'functional foods' since they have high body-healing compounds, antioxidants, dietary fiber, and probiotics. The protein content of buckwheat-based traditional food products was higher and ranged from 9.61 to 10.08 percent, whereas iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, and potassium ranged from 1.50 to 1.68 percent, 1.18 to 1.28 percent, 45.74 to 45.81 percent, 0.49 to 0.51 percent, 1.10 to 1.34 percent, and 11.26 to 11.33 percent respectively. Among the different traditional food recipes of buckwheat, thispole was selected for nutritional enrichment and supplemented with spinach, fenugreek, and jaggery. The addition of spinach, fenugreek, and jaggery in thispole improved the nutritional quality and nutraceutical properties as well as the mineral composition. However, the organoleptic assessment revealed that, the overall acceptability of thispole combination with spinach, fenugreek, and jaggery ranged from 5.88-6.69, 5.69- 6.67 and 5.98-6.69 (on hedonic 9.0) of level of incorporation. The addition of spinach and fenugreek was acceptable at 20 and 30 percent while jaggery incorporation was acceptable at 20 percent. The higher level of these supplements can also be incorporated for nutritional quality and acceptability. Standardized traditional buckwheat-based food products have great potential for value-addition. So, buckwheat-based value-added products can be popularized by value addition which may enhance the income of farmers, farm ladies as well as entrepreneurs.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of value-added products enriched dried green leafy vegetables(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-03-16) Khan, Shahina; ChanderKantaGreen Leafy Vegetables (GLV), which are particularly rich in micronutrients and other nutrients are a treasure trove of balanced diet. They are seasonally accessible in abundance having shelf-life for a short period. Their accessibility can be increased by processing and preservation. Drying of green vegetables concentrates the nutrients and can be utilized in many ways by incorporating into existing and formulating other healthy food products by using different techniques of drying and value addition. In the present study efforts were made to sun dry the underutilized leaves namely radish (Raphanus sativus) and colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) leaves to formulate products having great benefits of vegetables with good amount of nutrients. Study revealed that solar drying significantly increased crude protein in both the leaves from 3.79 to 21.81 per cent in colocasia leaves and 3.52 to 20.16 per cent in radish leaves. Crude fibre, crude fat, total ash and carbohydrate significantly increased than that of control values which were found in colocasia and radish 6.65 and 4.40 per cent crude fibre, 0.85 and 0.62 per cent crude fat, 9.38 and 11.36 per cent total ash and 58.50 and 58.24 per cent carbohydrate, respectively. Three products viz. biscuits, mathri and nuggets were developed by augmenting the dried colocasia and radish leaves separately at the level of 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent. All products were found to be most acceptable in all parameters when supplemented with 5 per cent of dried colocasia and radish leaves. Products confirmed substantial increase in the nutrient content after incorporation of dried leaves. Enrichment with dried colocasia and radish leaves revealed that in biscuits calcium increased from 47.20 mg/100g to 65.00 and 71.50 mg/100g. Similarly, in mathri calcium values increased from 43.09 mg/100g (RM) to 58.26 mg/100g (CM) to 63.56 mg/100g (RM), respectively. The higher calcium content was recorded in (RN) 66.09 mg/100g then colocasia supplemented nuggets (60.26 mg/100g). Products also showed an increase in iron values. Biscuits (CB and RB) had iron content of 5.40 and 5.20 mg/100g, whereas mathri (CM and RM) had iron content of 5.59 and 5.61 mg/100g. Similarly, the iron values of nuggets increased from 7.97 to 12.54 mg/100g in CN and from 7.97 to 11.03 mg/100g in RN. Therefore, the study suggested that supplementation enriched the overall nutritional quality and were found acceptable for consumption up to 60 days. Thus, it can be concluded that products enriched with dried vegetable leaves which are an excellent source of proteins, iron, fibre and other nutrients can be added to the daily diet to combat micronutrient malnutrition.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of genotype and packaging material on seed storability of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-09) Kashyap, Rohan; Kapila, R.K.Study on seed storability was carried out by packing the seeds of four soybean varieties i.e., Shivalik, Hara Soya, Palam Soya and Him Soya of Himachal Pradesh in three different packaging materials viz., Polylined Jute bags, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) bags and Jute bags and storing them under ambient conditions (March 2021 to July 2022) following completely randomized design in three replications. The experimental material was also planted in the field during kharif 2021 following RBD in three replications to evaluate the varieties for 11 agro-morphological traits. Data recorded after bimonthly intervals over a period of 16 months revealed that most of the seed quality parameters viz., per cent germination, rate of germination, field emergence, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seed vigour indices I and II gradually declined, whereas electrical conductivity witnessed an increasing trend with the advancement of storage period. Variety Him Soya performed poorly under storage and was classified as having short seed storability (12 months), whereas Shivalik exhibited seed germination above IMSCS even after 16 months of storage and was classified as having comparatively long seed storability. Remaining 2 varieties exhibited moderate seed longevity (14 months). Among packaging material, soybean seeds stored in Jute bags performed poorly having comparatively short seed storability (12 months), whereas Polylined Jute bags maintained soybean seed germination above IMSCS even after 16 months of storage. In High Density Polyethylene bags (HDPE), soybean seeds exhibited moderate seed longevity (14 months). All four varieties were also characterized for DUS traits, which revealed 11 out of a total of 21 descriptors to be more informative in classification and identification of the four varieties under study. Field evaluation revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were significant for all agro-morphological traits studied except for harvest index. Variety Shivalik was the best performing variety for yield and related attributes. This study clearly indicated the effect of genotype and packaging material on seed longevity in soybean under ambient storage.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity and management of fruit flies in cucurbits(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-10) Nitika; Sood, PankajThe present investigations entitled “Diversity and management of fruit flies in cucurbits” were undertaken during the year 2021-22 in Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Eight species of fruit flies viz., Zeugodacus tau (Walker), Z. cucurbitae (Coquillett), Z. scutellaris (Bezzi), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. divenderi (White & Tsuruta), Dacus longicornis (Wiedemann) and D. sphaeroidalis (Bezzi) were observed in Palam fruit fly traps at both the location (Palampur and Sundernagar) during 2022. Among all the prevalent species, B. divenderi was found to be the most dominant species followed by B. dorsalis, Z. tau, Z. scutellaris, B. zonata and Z. cucurbitae. While in the infested cucurbit samples collected from Palampur and Sundernagar; Z. tau was the predominant fruit fly species infesting all the cucurbits. Relative abundance of species was more at Palampur compared to Sundernagar except for B. zonata and D. sphaeroidalis. Likewise, species diversity (Simpson’s index) and species evenness (Shannon index) was also higher at Palampur. Temperature was observed to play a significant role in regulating population dynamics of most of prevailing species as indicated by a positive correlation. The regression analysis showed that minimum temperature was the most important factor affecting fruit fly population contributing 51 per cent at Sundernagar, while maximum temperature alone contributed 81 per cent at Palampur. Protein and yeast hydrolysate among protein baits; while cucumber and squash juice amongst cucurbit juices were most attractive for fruit fly adults, which increased with concentration and age of the flies being higher for females than males. Cucumber juice in combination with protein hydrolysate + yeast hydrolysate (10 % conc.) was found to be the most attractive for female fruit flies and could be a viable option as an integral component of fruit fly management in combination with male annhilation technique. Higher staying time of adult female flies in protein and yeast hydrolysate based combinations further validated the significance of these baits in female specific fruit fly management programmesThesisItem Open Access Management of false smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-08) Preeti; Upamnyu, SachinFalse smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak. is an emerging production constraint in rice growing regions of India and Himachal Pradesh. The investigation on “Management of false smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak.” was undertaken during 2020-22 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and RWRC, Malan. The pathogen was confirmed as Ustilaginoidea virens on the basis of its morphological and cultural characteristics. Systematic surveys were conducted in different rice growing areas in eight districts of State showed that false smut incidence varied from 0.2 to 55.5 per cent during kharif-2022. The incidence of false smut was the highest at Rampur (55.5%) followed by Surajpur (45.5%), Dhaulakuan (40.5%) and Puruwala (40.0%) of district Sirmour, while it was the least in district Shimla. The relation between disease incidence and weather variables was non-significant in all date of sowing except in 2nd date of sowing i.e. 5th June with maximum temperature. Disease incidence was comparatively higher in 21st May sown crop than in 5th June and 20th June sown crop The coefficient of determination (R2 ) revealed that selected weather variables i.e. temperature and relative humidity contributed 72.8, 95.3 and 99.8 per cent towards incidence of false smut on the crop sown at 21st May, 5th June and 20th June, respectively. Out of sixty one genotypes, seventeen genotypes (HPR 3236, HPR 3239, HPR 3243, HPR 3248, HPR 3250, HPR 3251, HPR 3253, HPR 3254, HPR 3260, HPR 3261, HPR 3262, PB 1121, Kasturi, HPR 2612, HPR 3228, HPR 3218, HPR 3226) showed highly resistant reaction, seven (HPR 3256, HPR 3259, HPR 2929, HPR 3213, HPR 3211, HPR 2703, HPR 2696) resistant, twenty three moderately resistant, five moderately susceptible while all the nine hybrids (Arize 6129, Arize 6444, Arize Swift, AZ 6508, BS 10008, DR 8101, PAC 834, PAC 807 Plus, Arize 6129 Gold (Check) showed susceptible reaction. In vitro evaluation of fungicides showed a complete inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen with propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC), tebuconazole (Folicur 250 EC), tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG (Nativo 75 WG), mancozeb 63% + carbendazim 12% WP (Companion) and mancozeb (Indofil M-45) at different concentrations ranging from 25-1000 ppm. However, under field conditions, application of two sprays of propiconazole 25 EC one at booting stage and second 10 days later proved to be the most effective resulted in the maximum (51.94%) reduction in disease incidence with highest grain yield of 57.95 q/ha and provided 28.46 per cent increase over control followed by two sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG registering around 50 per cent reduction in disease incidence with 24.60 per cent increase in grain yield over control. Two sprays of propiconazole 25 EC also provided the maximum reduction in smut ball formation (97.34%) followed by two sprays of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG (96.76%).ThesisItem Open Access Weed Management in Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-05) Sharma, Kshitij; Singh, RavinderAn experiment on Weed management in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) was conducted at Experimental Farm of Research Sub Station of CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya at Berthin of Bilaspur district during Kharif 2021. The experiment was laid out by planting elephant foot yam variety Palam Zimikand-1 in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprising of eight weed management treatments viz., Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence, Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP, Incorporation of cowpea as green manure after 45-60 days of planting, Plastic mulch (biodegradable double shaded), Dry mulch @ 5 tonnes/ha, HW at 30 and 60 DAP, Weed free and Control (No weeding). The predominating weed species recorded during experimentation was Cyperus rotundus. Among different weed management treatments, use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch was the best treatment with respect to girth of pseudo stem, canopy spread, leaf area index, corm yield, yield and quality attributes, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio and it was followed by weed free and HW at 30 and 60 days after planting treatments. Among herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP (T2) is better over pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence (T1), whereas unweeded treatment was lowest for most of the traits due to more crop-weed-competition. The use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch is the best treatment for weed management in elephant foot yam for achieving higher productivity and profitability under low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of different farming practices on soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-01-01) Dinesh; Paliyal, S. S.The present study entitled “Impact of different farming practices on soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in an on going long-term field experiment on different farming practices (organic farming, zero budget natural farming, inorganic farming and integrated nutrient management) in okra- pea cropping system at Holta Organic Farm, Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium and low in available nitrogen. Surface (0-0.15m) and subsurface (0.15-0.30 m) soil samples were collected from each plot after harvest of the pea crop. An additionalsoil sample was drawn from the adjoining undisturbed grassland to be taken as reference. Soil samples were analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological parameters, organic carbon and nitrogen fractions using standard analytical procedures. Data recorded was analyzed in randomized block design to meet out the research objective. Highest system productivity (15.7 t ha-1 ) was recorded in INM practices followed by organic farming (14.9 t ha-1 ). The continuous application of organic manure especially in organic and INM farming systems significantly improved the soil physical, chemical, biological properties and different fractions of soil organic carbon and nitrogen. The significantly higher available N, P, K, S exchangeable Ca & Mg and water holding capacity were noted under organic farming practices with values of 216 and 251, 22.5 and 20.8, 195 and 165, 26.8 and 22.1 kg ha-1 ; 3.19 and 2.20, 1.31 and 0.63 c mol (p+) kg-1 and 58.9 and 55.4 % in both surface as well as subsurface depths, respectively, whereas, soil bulk and particle density was found to be lowest in organic farming practices with values of 1.19 & 1.21 and 2.21 & 2.24 g cm-3 in surface and subsurface soil depths, respectively. The dominance of soil organic carbon fractions followed the order as Fraction1 (very labile) > Fraction4 (non- labile) > Fraction3 (less labile) > Fraction2 (labile), with the highest value of all fractions corresponding to organic farming practices. Inorganic nitrogen fractions (NH4 & NO3-N) were highest in INM, whereas, organic nitrogen fractions were recorded highest in organic farming practices in both surface and subsurface depths. All carbon and nitrogen fractions except non-hydrolysable-N were found positively and significantly correlated with system productivity and soil health parameters like bulk density, particle density, water holding capacity, organic carbon, available N, P, K S exchangeable Ca & Mg, microbial count and microbial biomass carbon & microbial biomass nitrogen.ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-26) Vishrava; Kumar, SurjeetThe investigation entitled “Biocontrol potential of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) against greenhouse whitefly” was carried out during the year 2021-22 in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP), India to study important biological parameters, morphometrics, feeding potential, prey preference and functional response of C. zastrowi sillemi on two prey species viz. rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica and greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum under lab conditions (temperature 25±1oC, RH 65±5% and photoperiod 16L:8D). Biological parameters of the predator differed significantly on the two prey species. The third instar had the longest duration on both the prey species (5.40 and 4.13 days, respectively). The total larval duration was significantly higher on T. vaporariourum (10.20 days) than on C. cephalonica (9.13 days), however, the total developmental period was statistically at par, 20.53 days on rice moth eggs and 20.83 days on GHWF. The overall survival rate of the larvae fed on C. cephalonica was significantly higher (50%) than the larvae fed on T. vaporariourum (26.67%). The larval and total growth indices were also observed to have significantly different values for male and females of the predator on two different prey species. Oviposition period of the predator was higher (22.33 days) on GHWF than on rice moth eggs (11.00 days), however, the number of fertile eggs/female was more on former (52.60) than on the later prey (42.93). The total life span of male and female predator showed variations on different prey species. Measurements of different life stages of the predator, reared on different preys, did not show any significant difference except for the length and breadth of third larval instar. During its whole larval period of 9 to 10days, a single larva of the predator consumed a total of 349.5, 351.3, 328.9 and 486.4 nymphs of first, second, third and fourth instar of GHWF, respectively. The corresponding average consumption rates of the predator remained 33.52, 44.05, 33.66 and 38.46 nymphs per day. The predator exhibited preference for particular stage of the prey in no-choice experiment, the younger instars of the predatory larva had more prey preference for younger nymphal instars of GHWF and vice versa. All the predatory instars showed Type-II functional response. The evaluated parameters indicated that the third instar had the maximum searching efficiency (0.125) and lowest handling time (0.125h) than younger instars. Along with this the effectiveness of the third instar of the predator was also estimated to be highest (1.003) and it also possessed maximum predation rate (192.487). Study concluded that the chrysopid predator, C. zastrowi sillemi has very good biocontrol potential against the strain of GHWF prevalent under agro-climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh and it can be effectively utilised for the management of the pest in an augmentative approach of biological control and, therefore, further investigations are necessary to investigate its biocontrol potential under field and greenhouse conditions.
