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Open Access
Nutritional evaluation of siddu, a traditional wheat-based food of Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2021-02-09) Thakur, Samridhi; Modgil, Rajni
The present study was conducted for the nutritional evaluation of siddu, a traditional wheat based food of Himachal Pradesh. For achieving the objective, documentation was carried out in two districts (Shimla and Kullu). From each district, four blocks and two villages were selected randomly. Data was collected through by personal interview method. After the documentation siddu recipe as documented and value added siddu were prepared in the laboratory. Traditional recipe of siddu was kept as control. The samples of siddu were analysed for their Physico-chemical, nutritional profile and organoleptically acceptability. The results revealed that the siddu was a traditional food of Shimla and Kullu district and has been prepared by females and whole wheat flour was used for fermentation of dough but in some families they were used superfine wheat flour. Stuffing varied from one district to another. Seasame and Poppy seeds (khas khas) stuffing was used in Shimla district whereas walnut and apricot seeds stuffing was used in Kullu district. Control samples of siddu were prepared in the laboratory. Value addition was also carried out by using the locally available material. The results revealed that the nutritional value of siddu prepared from whole wheat flour was higher than that of siddu prepared from superfine wheat flour. The value of crude protein (16.40%), ether extract (15.24%),calorific value (401.04 kcal) and minerals viz. iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus was also increased after the value addition with urad daal , peanut and dough was made from whole wheat flour as compared to control samples. Also, the nutritional profile was increased when the value addition with urad daal & peanut and vegetable was done. The value addition can be done with locally available food crops to improve nutritional quality and acceptability of siddu.
Open Access
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity of soybean
(palampur, 2021-07-01) SALEMAN; Singh, Janardan
A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2020 at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity of soybean(Glycine max L).The fieldexperiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising of eight treatments [T1 - 75 per cent RDN (FYM), T2 -100 per cent RDN (FYM), T3 -75 per cent RDF (Fertilizers), T4 - 100 per cent RDF (Fertilizers), T5 - 50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 25 per cent RDN (FYM), T6 - 50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM), T7 - 100 per cent RDN (FYM) + rest P and K (Fertilizers) and T8 - Control (N0 P0 K0)]. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium.Significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, dry matter efficiency, unit area efficiency, primary branches/plant, pods/plant,biological, straw and seed yield were recorded in T6[(50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM)]. Gross return, net return, benefit cost ratioand profitabilitywere also significantly higher in T6. The highest uptake of N, P and K was recorded in T6.The treatment, T6(50 per cent RDF (Fertilizers) + 50 per cent RDN (FYM) proved to be the best treatment for enhancing productivity and profitability of soybean under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
Studies on the estrus synchronization protocols and sonographic evaluation of early embryonic development in Gaddi sheep.
(palampur, 2021-09-01) Jamwal, Kirti; Sharma, Amit Kumar
The present study was conducted in Gaddi sheep to compare different estrus synchronization protocols during conventional non-breeding (April to June 2020; NB) and breeding (November-January 2021; B) season at Livestock Farm Complex, CSKHPKV, Palampur at 32.6° N, 76.3° E, altitude of 1290.8 m. Gaddi ewes were assigned to three different groups viz. progesterone-based protocol (ProEP), ovulation synchronization protocol (GPG) and control (Con) including six ewes in each group during both the seasons. Different estrus behavior signs were observed and compared during B and NB season along with vaginal electrical resistance, temperature, pH and vaginal cytology. Significantly higher (p<0.05) frequency of tail wagging (3.0±0.6) was observed at <24 hr in ProEP treated Gaddi ewes than other groups. ProEP treated ewes exhibited earlier onset (28.8±1.8 hr) along with extended estrus duration (40.2±5.5 hr) irrespective of season. Performance of ProEP treated Gaddi ewes was better in terms of higher rates of estrus response (83.3%), conception (90.0%), pregnancy (75.0%), fecundity (83.3%) and prolificacy (1.0±0.0). Vaginal electrical resistance and cytological examinations could also be used for diagnosing standing estrus in Gaddi ewes. Serum progesterone estimation were also carried out in ProEP treated Gaddi ewes at different interval. Significantly higher serum progesterone concentration in ProEP treated pregnant Gaddi ewes was observed on Day 0 (2.72± 1.71 ng/ml) as well as on Day 17 (3.94±0.4 ng/ml) after mating. Sequential transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) examinations with linear rectal probe (5.5–7.5 MHz) were carried out to study embryonic biometry parameters, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. TRUS was efficiently used for studying the embryonic development as well as losses between Days 14-35. Day 28 was regarded as best time to perform TRUS with maximum precision, higher accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and increased proportion of ewes having positive and negative predictive values. Predictive equations for calculation of gestation age during embryonic phase in Gaddi ewes were also established.
Open Access
Studies on phytophagous white grubs in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2021-03-11) Chandel, Yamini; Chandel, R. S.
The studies on biodiversity of phytophagous scarab beetles were conducted by using light traps and also by sampling them directly from their host trees at Sundernagar, Jogindernagar, Chailchowk, Pangna, Bagsaid and Janjehli in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh from May-September 2019. At Sundernagar, Jogindernagar, Chailchowk and Pangna, Holotrichia longipennis Blanchard and Anomala lineatopennis Blanchard were recorded to be the predominant species. The relative abundance of H. longipennis varied from 13.45-23.36 per cent, and A. lineatopennis contributed to 14.19-24.41 per cent of total beetle catch. The predominant species at Bagsaid were Anomala dimidiata Hope and Anomala rufiventris Redtenbacher and these species comprised 14.90 and 14.60 per cent, respectively. Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Brahmina flavosericea Brenske were found to be the other predominant species at Bagsaid and Janjehli, and their relative abundance was 14.23- 14.85 and 12.41-15.39 per cent at both these locations, respectively. The pooled analysis of data from six locations revealed that H. longipennis was the most predominant species comprising 16.31 per cent of total beetle catch on light trap. The Pielou’s evenness index was maximum at Pangna (J'= 0.86) and minimum at Sundernagar (J'= 0.73). The value of Shannon index (H') was computed to be maximum at Pangna (H'= 2.54), and minimum at Sundernagar (H'= 2.18). The Simpson’s index of diversity was maximum at Pangna (D= 0.90) and minimum at Chailchowk (D= 0.85). The Fisher plots indicated few common and more rare species at most of the locations. The Whittaker rank/ abundance curves showed greater evenness of scarab assemblage at Chailchowk and Pangna. The Beta diversity exhibited maximum similarity between Sundernagar and Chailchowk, whereas maximum dissimilarity between scarab communities was recorded between Jogindernagar and Janjehli. The survey of scarab beetles on host trees indicated the occurrence of 17 species on different fruit plants, forest trees, field crops, vegetables and ornamental plants. The five most leading species on different host plants were H. longipennis (23.13 %), B. coriacea (19.61%), B. flavosericea (12.43 %), Holotrichia sikkimensis Brenske (7.41%) and Maladera insanabilis (Brenske) (6.59 %). H. longipennis beetles exhibited distinct preference for rose, beans, toon, whereas B. coriacea and B. flavosericea beetles were collected only on apple in high hills. The value of Shannon index and Pielou’s evenness index was calculated to be maximum at Bagsaid (H'= 1.95) and Pangna (J'= 0.91), respectively. The Simpson’s index of diversity was computed to be maximum at Jogindernagar (D= 0.82). In the present study, five species viz. Asactapholis microsquamosa (Frey), Anomala variivestis Arrow, Anomala aureoflava Arrow, Holotrichia assamensis Brenske and Polyphylla fullo (Linnaeus) are new records from Himachal Pradesh. In potato, the tuber infestation of white grubs was very high (34.44 - 44.91 %). In peas, the plant mortality varied from 10.59 - 20.40 per cent. In garlic, 23.20 per cent bulbs were found to be infested by the grubs at Rohanda
Open Access
Studies on effect of plant growth regulators in polyhouse grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
(palampur, 2021-09-12) juma, Muhammad; Sharma, Parveen
The present investigation entitled “Studies on effect of plant growth regulators in polyhouse grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur, Himachal Pradesh during spring-summer and autumn-winter season with the objectives to study the effect of different plant growth regulators on yield, quality and to work out the economics of production under protected conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and data were recorded on horticultural and quality traits in tomato. The recommended package of practices and plant protection measures were followed from time to time to grow healthy crop. Among the different plant growth regulators GA3 @75 ppm resulted maximum number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and marketable yield per plant, marketable yield per m2 area, ascorbic acid content plant height and minimum number of days to 50 % flowering. Highest fruit yield (27.65 kg/m2 ) with maximum net returns (394.00 /m2 ) and higher benefit: cost ratio (2.48) was obtained with the treatment combination involving T16 (GA3 @ 75ppm + All above three stages) during autumn-winter season. The combined effect of growth regulators at different stages of plant growth showed that A2B4 (GA3 @ 75 ppm sprayed at flowering stage) and A2B1 (NAA @ 50 ppm sprayed at flowering stage) recorded maximum (27.40 and 30.97 mg/100 g) ascorbic acid content for first and second season. The combined effect of growth regulators at different stages of plant growth showed that A2B4 (GA3 @ 75 ppm sprayed at flowering stage) recorded maximum (24.59 kg and 27.65 kg) marketable yield per m2 during both the seasons which was significantly superior from all other two-way interactions. Therefore, it has been concluded that tomato plants sprayed with GA3 @ 75ppm at flowering stage recorded maximum marketable yield and its contributing characters.
Open Access
Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh
(palampur, 2021-04-01) C.S., Jayaram; Sharma, Pawan K.
Investigations on “Mite fauna of agriculturally important crops in Himachal Pradesh” were undertaken in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. The results yielded 78 species of mites comprising 22 phytophagous mites belonging to three families and 56 predatory mites belonging to seven families. Phytophagous mites belonging to the three families (Number of species / Total number of species) viz., Tetranychidae (11/22), Tenuipalpidae (7/22) and Tarsonemidae (4/22). The predatory mites reported during the present study under the seven families were viz., Phytoseiidae (26/56), Ascidae (3/56), Anystidae (3/56); Erythraeidae (4/56), Iolinidae (2/56); Stigmaeidae (14/56) and Tydeidae (4/56). In all 50 species comparing, 43 predatory mites and 7 phytophagous mites were added to the checklist of the mite fauna of the Himachal Pradesh. Diversity indices values were more in case of Tetranychidae under phytophagous mites, Phytoseiidae had maximum diversity values under Mesostigmata and Anystidae had more diversity values under prostigmatid predatory mites. Polyphagotarsonemus latus was found to be the dominant species in Zone-I, Tetranychus urticae was dominant in the Zone-II. In the Zone-III, E. prasadi dominated over all other species, and P. sextoni was found to be dominant in Zone-IV. Seasonal abundance of the phytophagous mites on brinjal and chilli revealed that during 2018 the peak population of T. urticae was observed in June at Palampur, Una and Bajaura. While at Sundernagar, the peak population was observed during September. During 2019 the peak population of T. urticae was during July in all the locations. Peak population of P. latus was observed during July in both 2018 and 2019 in Palampur, Una, Bajaura and Sundernagar. Minimum temperature was significatly correlated and also influence the population build up of T. urticae and P. latus at Palampur. In contarary, maximum temperature had more influence on population build up of both the species at Una and Bajaura. But in Sundernagar, population of T. urticae was influenced by minimum temperature and population of P. latus was influenced by rainfall. Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) was recorded as the invasive alien species on persimmon at Katrain. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) lahauli sp. nov., Eryngiopus sp., Euseius sp. nr. chikkamagalurensis and Scapulaseius sp. nr.sorghumae were deviated from the original species and listed as new species to India
Open Access
Weed flora diversity in maize based cropping and production systems
(Palampur, 2021-07-31) Mujahed, Belal Ahmad; Rana, S.S.
The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under the aegis of Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation, RAFTAAR, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India) at CSK HPKV, Palampur. Three different cropping systems viz., maize – wheat, maize + cowpea – wheat + gram and okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea were evaluated under four production practices viz., integrated nutrient management (INM), organic management (OA), natural farming (NF), and conservation agriculture (CA) for appraisal on weeds floristic diversity and crop productivity, profitability and energetics. Weed flora was composed of 14 species in rabi and 15 species during kharif. Tulipa asiatica L. (18%), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (8%), Ranunculus arvensis L. (8%), Poa annua L. (8%), Phalaris minor Retz. (7%), Coronopus didymus L. (7%), Anagallis arvensis L. (7%), Fumaria parviflora L. (7%), Lolium temulentum L. (6%) and Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray (6%) were the major weeds during rabi. Ageratum conyzoides L. (27%) was the most dominant weed during kharif followed by Cyperus sp (19%), Polygonum alatum L. (15%), Commelina benghalensis L. (8%), Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (7%), Alternanthera philoxeroides L. (4%), Artemisia vulgaris L. (4%), Bidens pilosa L. (4%) and Trifolium repens L. (4%). Irrespective of production and cropping systems, Tulipa asiatica was the most important weed during the rabi season with IVI value ranging from 33.8 to 57.3 under production systems and 40.8 to 42.6 under cropping systems. This was followed by Poa annua, Ranunculus arvensis and Stellaria media. During kharif, Ageratum conyzoides was the most important weed with IVI value of 40.9-69.8 in production systems and 60.7-69.2 in cropping systems. This was followed by Cyperus sp and Polygonum alatum. Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index indicated higher weed diversity under INM and OA treatments followed by NF (P1) treatment, while, the lower diversity as per these indices was under CA (P4). Maize + cowpea – wheat + gram (C2), maize – wheat (C1) and okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea (C3) treatments had the similar Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index. Weeds removed 68.2-83.2 kg N, 10.8-21.0 kg P and 59.6-95.1 kg K/ha under production systems with the minimum being under INM and the maximum under NF while 72.9-78.6 kg N, 13.8-15.5 kg P and 69.7- 78.9 kg K/ha were removed under cropping systems minimum under maize + cowpea – wheat + gram (C2) and maximum under okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea (C3). Among production systems, INM or CA were more promising in terms of wheat grain equivalent yield (WGEY), net returns, energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy profitability followed by OA and NF treatments in that order. Okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea (C3) gave significantly higher WGEY, energy productivity and energy profitability. But it had higher cost of cultivation and low yield in kharif thereby lower net returns, B:C, energy output, energy output: input and energy intensity both in terms of MJ/kg and MJ/rupee.
Open Access
Studies on the Development and Quality Evaluation of Specialty Products prepared by utilizing Selected Tribal Crops
(Palampur, 2021-03-22) Rani, Anju; Sood, Sangita
The present investigation was undertaken with the two key objectives to assess the quality attributes of selected tribal crops and to develop specialty products and evaluate objectively and subjectively. Three hull-less barley varieties viz. Dolma, BHS-352 and HBL-276, proso millet and field pea were procured from tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh. Screened crops were investigated for their physico-chemical, functional, nutritional, antioxidant and anti-nutritional parameters. Results of the study showed that barley has attained good functional properties in comparison to their counterparts. Amongst the selected barley varieties, BHS-352 showed the maximum value for crude ash, crude fat and crude protein (2.64, 3.24 and 14.20) per cent respectively. Proso millet contains maximum crude ash, crude fat and crude fiber 3.41, 4.12 and 7.65 per cent respectively. Field pea was the richest source of protein (20.69 %) amongst all selected crops. Resistant starch and amylose were found the highest in HBL-276 (9.20 and 26.76) per cent respectively. Dolma variety and proso millet had substantial amount of amino acids whereas, BHS-352 and field pea showed good mineral profile. Field pea was noted to be rich in Iron (22.45), Calcium (92.14), Phosphorous (259.17) and Potassium (105.63) mg/100g. Hull-less barley attained the good amount of antioxidants (61.10-66.10 %). Dolma variety in particular showed the maximum value of antioxidants (66.10 %) and flavonoids (11.19 %). Maximum trypsin inhibition activity (4.12 TIU/mg), saponin (11.13 %) and phytic acid (312 mg/100g) content was found in field pea. The shape of starch granules of hull-less barley, proso millet and field pea appeared as oval, elliptical, disk to irregular shapes with smooth surface, Polygonal and spherical granules in cluster form. X-ray Diffraction pattern of all barley varieties and proso millet displayed Atype cereal starches whereas, field pea showed C- type starch. Different specialty products like Extruded product (Kurkure), Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) Bread sticks, Pancake and Churros have been developed using the selected crops and storage study in three different packaging P1 (HDPE Packaging), P2 (Aluminum paper bag) and P3 (Aluminum pouch) was conducted for the most acceptable Kurkure and Mixes (Dhokla mix, Idli mix and Laddu mix) formulation and found to be acceptable up to 180 days. However, a slight decline in the chemical composition with the increase in storage period was observed. Amongst all packaging materials, the aluminium pouch (P3) was found best as the changes that occurred in the packed content were found minimum. Specialty products can serve an important role in the diet due to their various health improving benefits. Development of specialty products from these crops can enhance the utilization of these nutritious crops in developing the healthy
Open Access
Studies on sowing time and nutrient management on performance of new genotype of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Cosson)
(Palampur, 2021-03-31) Rana, Akash; Sharma, G. D.
To find out the suitable sowing time for achieving higher productivity and profitability under different nutrient management practices, a field experiment entitled “Studies on sowing time and nutrient management on performance of new genotype of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Cosson)” was conducted at Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Palampur during Rabi 2019-2020. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors and was replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of two sowing dates (11th October and 26th October) and six nutrient management practices viz., application of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) through chemical fertilizers, Organic farming package, Natural farming, Natural farming + 5 t FYM/ha, Natural farming + 7.5 t FYM/ha and Natural farming + 10 t FYM/ha. The results so obtained revealed that the early sown crop i.e. on 11th October resulted in significant increase in growth and development ( plant height, dry matter accumulation, emergence count), yield attributes (number of siliquae/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, siliqua length and test weight) and grain and biological yield as compared to the late sown crop i.e. on 26th October. Similarly higher values of oil content, oil yield, gross return, net return and B: C ratios were also observed with early sowing. Among nutrient management practices, application of RDF through chemical fertilizers remained superior in terms of growth and development parameters, yield attributes (number of siliquae/plant, siliqua length, number of seeds/ siliqua and test weight), seed and biological yield, oil content and oil yield and various economic indices including gross return, net return and B: C ratios. Improvement in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in soil was observed under organic farming as well as in treatment where natural farming practices were supplemented with 10 t FYM/ha application. Soil pH, organic carbon and bulk density status of the soil was not influenced by nutrient management practices. Thus, early sowing along with the application of RDF through chemical fertilizers may be recommended for higher yield of Trombay Him Palam Mustard-1.

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