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Open Access
Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
(palampur, 2019-05-02) Sran, Ranjeet Singh; Satish Paul
The present investigation entitled “Combining ability and gene action studies for economic traits and disease resistance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was undertaken to get the information on nature and magnitude of gene action, combining ability and heterosis and thereby identifying potential parents and cross combinations for seed yield, fibre yield and associated traits under variable environments that could support further improvements of linseed productivity using appropriate breeding methodology. Eight linseed varieties viz., Surbhi, Bhagsu, Nagarkot, T-397, Himani, Baner, JRF-4 and JRF-1 were hybridized following Griffing’s Method 2, Model 1 in a half diallel fashion. Experimental materials comprising of eight linseed varieties and 28 F1 progenies were evaluated in RBD with three replications during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Various cross combinations were also examined to study the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew and rust in linseed at Palampur and research station SAREC Kangra, respectively during the year 2017-18. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied during 2016-17, 2017- 18 and pooled over environments, suggesting prevalence of wide range of genetic variability. Variance due to environment in pooled analysis revealed significant differences for all the traits studied except seeds per capsule. Genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was significant for most of the traits except plant height and technical height indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes. Variances due to GCA, SCA and their interaction with environment were significant for most of the traits. For most of the traits, there was preponderance of non-additive gene action, under such situation diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selection might be appropriate approach toward genetic improvement of these traits. Based on GCA, Nagarkot and Surbhi were found to be good general combiner for seed yield whereas, JRF-1 and JRF-4 for fibre yield. On the basis of SCA effect and heterosis, the cross combinations Surbhi × Baner, Himani × JRF-4 and Bhagsu × Nagarkot for seed yield and Nagarkot × Himani for fibre yield were found best in pooled over the environments. The segregation pattern of powdery mildew and rust disease indicated that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in cross combination T-397 × Nagarkot.
Open Access
CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED CEREALS AND PULSES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS
(CHKHPKV Palampur, 2019-12) SHILPA; Sood, Sangita
It‟s the need of the hour to deliver affordable good quality formulation in a convenient format to ensure nutrition security especially amongst vegetarian populace. Consumers‟ demand can be addressed by making available cereals: pulses based ready to eat products. Cereals and pulses are important crops of Indian dietary as they are enriched with functional components. To characterize and optimize high fiber & low protein formulation, important crops of the State viz. oat, pearl millet, sorghum, finger millet, horse gram, chick pea and rice bean were selected. Since consumption of these crops in the form of ready-to-eat food as extruded form is becoming a common approach. The selected crops were estimated for their quality traits. Amongst cereals and pulses, oat and chick pea came out to be best as far functional properties are concerned. Oat and horse gram are rich in crude fiber as 5.34 and 5.40 per cent respectively. While finger millet and horse gram bagged lowest values for protein (7.45; 21.28 %) and fat (2.00 & 1.80 %) content respectively. Finger millet attained highest score for Ca (269.54g/100g). Finger millet and chick pea was found to be highest values for saponins (5.29; 4.78). Whereas, maximum value for tannin was calculated in pearl millet (228.00). Oat and rice bean can be consider as an alternative for diabetetic patients‟ palate as they obtained maximum score (2.69; 2.58%) for resistant starch. All the selected cereals and pulses came under the class of low glycemic index. Although slight decline in proximate, nutritional and sensory composition was observed with the increase in storage period within acceptable limit. Amongst the prepared products kurkure have the best storage stability and acceptability during storage period up to 120 days. It is conferred that multigrain formulations can be used for the development of value added products with high nutritional profile which might have great potential in food industry.
Open Access
Introgression of Cercospora leaf spot resistance into urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) employing various hybridization strategies by involving V. radiata, V. umbellata and V. angularis
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-20) SHARMA, SHAILJA; Mital, Raj Kumar
Open Access
STUDIES ON GENETICS OF COLD STRESS TOLERANCE AND TRANSFERABILITY OF MARKERS FROM RELATED LEGUMES TO CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-27) THAKUR, SANCHIT; Jai Dev
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetics of cold stress tolerance and transferability of markers from related legumes to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was undertaken at experimental farm of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur as well as at Mountain Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (MAREC), Sangla (off season). In the present study, the cold stress tolerant germplasm line ‘ICC16349’ was selected as a donor whereas, the cold susceptible parent ‘GPF2’ was used as recipient in hybridization. Crosses between germplasm lines ‘ICC16349’ and variety ‘GPF2’ of chickpea were attempted and resulting hybrids were screened for parental polymorphism using 51 SSR markers of which only one i.e TA180 showed parental polymorphism. Out of 80 F1 putative hybrids screened, only 34 were true hybrids. F1 generation was advanced to get F2 seed. F2 plants were phenotyped and morphological data were recorded. Days to germination, plant height and number of leaves gave good estimate of early plant vigour and data showed clear segregation of F2 plants into vigorous and non-vigorous plants. Chi-square test was applied which revealed that late flowering was governed by single dominant gene. Pod initiation followed a complex pattern of inheritance involving polygenes. Studies on transferability of SSR markers from related legumes to chickpea revealed that lentil SSR primers had highest transferability (36.36%) to chickpea followed by pea SSR primers (18.18%) and horsegram SSR primers (14.89%), respectively. Percent polymorphism was also found to be highest for lentil SSR primers (10.61%) followed by horsegram SSR primers (4.25%) and pea SSR primers (3.79%), respectively. In the present study, 62 new SSR markers were added to chickpea SSR primer pool from three legumes. The new SSR markers are expected to contribute to molecular breeding, germplasm characterization, diversity analysis, gene mapping and comparative genomic studies in chickpea.
Open Access
EFFICACY OF SOME OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS IN DAIRY COWS DIAGNOSE D WITH POST PARTUM SUB CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-12-03) SHARMA, AKSHAY; Singh, Madhumeet
The study was conducted on 45 post-partum dairy cows at Livestock Farm Complex, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Assessment of energy reserves i.e. body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), was done at weekly interval up to 8 weeks post-partum along with serum leptin estimation to investigate its association with occurrence of sub-clinical endometriris (SCE). For diagnostic purpose, endometrial cytology via cytotape method was carried out as confirmatory test for diagnosis of SCE i.e. polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) proportion ≥1 per cent. Also, trans-rectal Doppler ultrasonography at a weekly interval i.e. day 0 to 56, along with B-mode for assessment of uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity, was used. Serum inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (C-RP) levels were estimated for drawing a relation with SCE. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols were applied to study their effect on PMNCs proportion during SCE and post-partum reproductive performance. On the basis of endometrial cytology, the incidence of sub-clinical endometritis positive and clinical endometritis positive cows was 60 and 8.89 per cent, respectively at 8 weeks post-partum, however, the cows in sub-clinical endometritis negative group had an incidence of 31.11 per cent. BCS and BFT were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SCEP cows as compared to SCEN cows on the day 0 and 56 post-partum, however, serum leptin concentrations were significantly low (p<0.05) only on day 0 post-partum in SCEP cows. Haemodynamic indices i.e. Time averaged maximum velocity and Blood flow volume- Time averaged maximum velocity, and diameter of middle uterine artery ipsilateral to gravid uterine horn was significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) on day 0 and 56 post-partum in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and C-RP were significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows at 8 weeks post-partum. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols led to a significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01, respectively) reduction in PMNCs proportion and serum IL-6 concentration on the day of estrus in cows under SCEP group. MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocol fared better in terms of achieving conception i.e. 60 per cent vs. 30 per cent in MG6G protocol and also, resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.01) in days open of SCEP cows as compared to cows under SCEP control and CEP group.
Open Access
GENE NETWORKS INVOLVED IN COLD STRESS RESPONSE IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) ANTHERSVARMA
(CSK HPKV Palampur, 2020-01-07) VERMA, ANNU; Chaudhary, H.K.
Cold stress (CS) coinciding with the onset of the flowering in chickpea poses a major threat for realizing high productivity in northern hill regions of India. CS induces pollen sterility in chickpea leading to flower abortion and consequently low productivity. Some genotypes of chickpea, though agronomically inferior, tolerate cold and produce viable pollen leading to seed set even under cold stress. Changes in carbohydrate content in contrasting genotypes of chickpea were observed in the present study under CS wherein, the genotype ICC 16349 (cold tolerant) maintained normal carbohydrate pool whereas genotype GPF2 (cold susceptible) failed to do so. Not only carbohydrate content but enzymes of the carbohydrate pathway e.g. invertase, sucrose synthase, alpha and beta amylase showed greater activity in cold tolerant genotype. Under recovery period, the levels of carbohydrates as well as carbohydrate metabolism enzymes shifted towards normal with a few modifications. The expression of carbohydrate metabolism genes that is UDP glucose pyro phosphorylase like, ADP glucose pyro phosphorylase, Beta amylase3 and Beta amylase1 changed significantly under cold stress in the cold tolerant as well as cold susceptible genotypes. The expression level of Isoamylase3 and Isoamlyase3x2 was higher in leaves of cold susceptible genotype GPF2. Starch degradation was lower in ICC 16349 (cold tolerant) as compared to GPF2 (cold susceptible) as evident from expression of genes; Beta amylase3 and Beta amylase1 and glucan water kinase. The expression of starch synthase increased in theICC16349.The expression of ABA metabolism genes was higher in GPF2 and the expression of GA biosynthesis genes Gibberellin20oxidase1 and Gibberellin20 oxidase3 reduced in the anthers of ICC 16349 and GPF2 with the exception of Gibberellin20oxidase1 that enhanced in GPF2. A combination of 5µM Sucrose and 5µM GA was the best treatment for mitigation of cold under pot as well as field conditions as it showed marked increase in chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, cellular respiration and reduction in electrolyte leakage in both the genotypes. The study has implications in the development of cold tolerant chickpea varieties and devise other appropriate strategies for mitigation of cold, thereby resulting in increased productivity of chickpea.
Open Access
MODELING AND FORECASTING YIELD OF RICE FOR KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-01-30) THAKUR, SHIVANI; Rana, Ranbir Singh
A field experiment was conducted during Khraif 2017 and 2018 at Experimental Farm of Rice and Wheat Research Centre Malan with five dates of transplanting (15th June, 25th June, 5th July, 15th July and 25th July) and three varieties (HPR 1068, HPR 2880 and HPR 2143) in factorial RBD with three replications. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop during both the years though it was at par with 25th June transplanted crop. There was reduction in grain yield with delay in transplanting after 15th June. The decrease averaged over two years was 7 % in 25th June, 16 % in 5th July, 32 % in 15th July and 45 % in 25th July transplanted crop over 15th June transplanted crop. The early transplanted crop took more days for tillering, panicle initiation, 50 % flowering and maturity. Net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop compared to subsequent dates of transplanting. The agrometeorological indices indicated more values for 15th June to 5th July transplanted crops and lowest values in late transplanted crop. Amongst varieties, HPR 2143 gave significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes during both the years. Likewise, grain yield, biological yield, net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in variety HPR 2143 followed by HPR 1068 and HPR 2880. The DSSAT CERES- Rice model performed well, [high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the physiological maturity (r= 0.89 and 0.95; RMSE= 3.8 and 2.9 days; MAPE= -1.4 and -2.1 %), leaf area index (r= 0.97 and 0.96; RMSE= 0.08 and 0.06; MAPE= 0.96 and 0.82 %), grain yield (r= 0.98 and 0.96; RMSE= 372 and 333 kg ha-1; MAPE= -5.0 and - 9.0 %), biological yield (r= 0.96 and 0.98, RMSE= 656 and 824 kg ha-1; MAPE= 3.2 and 7.2 %) during 2017 and 2018, respectively. The simulated days to physiology maturity, LAI, grain and biological yield matched closely with observed values for all transplanting environments. The model performance was somewhere under estimated or overestimated but found within acceptable limits. The predicted yields of rice using validated CERES-Rice model indicated -6.4 to 6.2, -10.8 to1.2 and -5.2 to 7.6 % at F1stage during 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively and -4.2 to 7.2, -8.7 to 2.2 and -3.1 to 8.6 % errors during 2015, 2016 and 2017 at F2 stage. The yield was more reliable in F2 stage of district Kangra. The model predicted ±10 percent deviation in rice yield compared to actual productivity of district under study and can be used for the yield forecast in the district.
Open Access
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF VIRUS INFECTED CAPSICUM AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF VIRAL PATHOGEN
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-01-31) SINGH, SHIPRA; Sharma, Neelam
Capsicum is a cash crop of Himachal Pradesh commonly known for the abundance of antioxidants. Viral disease incidence has become very prominent in this crop. A total 19 viruses are known to infect Capsicum crop in India. In the present investigation entitled, “Phytochemical studies of virus infected Capsicum and molecular characterisation of viral pathogen”, a survey was conducted and 51 leaf samples were collected on the basis of symptoms from three districts of Himachal Pradesh i.e. Kangra, Kullu and Mandi. All the collected samples were analysed for the presence of viruses and their effect on phytochemical constituents. In addition to this, molecular characterisation of most prevalent virus was carried out. Screening of the samples for the presence of viruses through DAS-ELISA and identification and confirmation through RT-PCR revealed that CMV, PVY, PVX, GBNV, PSTVd (viroid) and TYLCV were the common viruses which infect Capsicum crop in Himachal Pradesh. The percent viral infection in Capsicum was 58.8 percent for CMV, 37.2 percent for PVY, 7.8 percent for TYLCV, 29.4 percent for PVX and 1.96 percent for PSTVd and GBNV both. Thus, CMV was the most prevalent virus in Capsicum crop. A significant decrease was observed in virus infected leaf samples of Capsicum for antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content Whereas total phenols and total flavonoids increased in infected samples.The molecular characterisation of CMV was carried out. An amplicon of approximately 829 bp, 958 bp, 1,314 bp, 373 bp, 842 bp and 647 bp for 1a helicase,1a methyltransferase, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b genes were obtained. BLASTn analysis revealed that 1a helicase protein gene showed 98.35 percent identity with 1a helicase isolate of Capsicum sp. from Germany,1a methyltransferase protein gene showed 98.21 percent identity with 1a methyltransferase protein gene isolate of Tagetus erecta. from India, 2a protein gene showed 99.39 percent identity with Cucumber mosaic virus isolate TC segment of RNA -2 from UK, 2b protein gene showed 94.07 percent identity with 2b protein genes from Germany, movement protein (3a) gene showed 99.28 percent identity with Cucumber mosaic virus isolate CMV12 3a protein (3a) gene of Zucchini from Poland and Coat protein (3b) gene showed 99.23 percent identity with CP gene for coat protein of Valeriana from India.Comparative genome sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of CMV genes based on subgroups revealed that CMV-PLP 8 isolate belongs to subgroup-II of CMV.
Open Access
High resolution mapping of Co-Ind gene from common bean landrace KRC-5 possessing resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2020-07-07) SHABNAM; Rana, S.K.
The common bean landrace KRC-5, native to Kinnaur region of Himachal Pradesh is known to possess resistance against different races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In this study, an attempt has been made to fine map the resistance locus in common bean landrace KRC-5 and to convert RAPD marker linked to the resistance gene into specific SCAR marker. In addition, the effectivity of the R-gene was tested against 24 physiological races of C. lindemuthianum. The segregation studies on F2 and F2:9 mapping population obtained from Jawala x KRC-5 cross against races 3 and 211 showed a good fit of 3R:1S and 1R:1S ratio, thus confirmed the presence of a single dominant gene in landrace KRC-5. To fine map the gene, a set of 576 molecular markers comprising of SSRs and RAPDs was used for polymorphism survey. One hundred and thirty six markers found polymorphic on parents failed to distinguish the resistant and susceptible bulks in bulked segregant analysis (BSA). Therefore to accomplish the fine mapping, ddRAD sequencing based strategy using 40 RIL individuals including parents was applied to identify SNP based markers. From ddRAD 1,15,578 SNP markers were identified on 11 common bean linkage groups and finally 1,979 SNPs were retained for linkage map development using JoinMap software. In addition 28 anchored SSRs and two SCARs were also genotyped on 40 individuals (RILs & parents) used for ddRAD to validate the linkage of identified SNPs on bean chromosomes. The genotyping of 219 F2:9 RIL individuals with SCAR marker ScOPR15408 and previously developed SCAR (ScOPF6522) showed their linkage with R-gene at 2 cM distance on the opposite sides of Rlocus. Linkage map developed by using 2,009 markers including 1,979 SNPS, 28 anchored SSRs and 2 SCAR markers (linked to R-gene) showed the distribution of different markers on 11 linkage groups of common bean genome spanning 618 cM distance. The tentative position of R-gene (Co-Ind) present in landrace KRC-5 was marked on chromosome 10 along with two SCAR markers flanking the target gene and other SNP markers. However the exact position of R-gene can only be established after genotyping whole population with associated SNPs. In gene strength analysis, the landrace KRC-5 was found resistant to 17 races of C. lindemuthianum and hence could be effectively used in molecular breeding programmes.

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