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Open Access
Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh
(Palampur, 2017-06-27) Chhavi; Sharma, Pawan K.
The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (R0 ) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larvae survived in winter till January on paddy plants and weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.), Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderatey susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i./ ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g a.i./ ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in Bt
Open Access
DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN CALVES
(Palampur, 2006-04-25) KUMAR, ADARSH; Kanwar, M.S.
Open Access
GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND RELATED TRAITS IN SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS INVOLVING WILD SPECIES
(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2014-12) INDU BALA; Jai Dev
The present investigation entitled “Gene action for yield and related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and development of interspecific hybrids involving wild species” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in soybean and to introgress desirable genes from wild species to cultivated ones. The experimental material comprised of 54 triple test cross progenies derived by mating 18 lines with three testers, namely, Hara Soya (L1), Him Soya (L2) and their F1 (L3). This genetic material was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during kharif 2013. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for majority of the traits. Epistatic interaction for many traits was ‘j+l’ type except days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, reproductive phase, petiole length, seed per pod, harvest index and 100 seed weight, whereas plant height, internode length, pods per plant and biological yield per plant carried ‘i’ type epistasis alongwith ‘j+l’ type. Additive component (D) was more pronounced than dominance component (H) for most of the traits. Both additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action, whereas partial degree of dominance was noticed for majority of traits. The kind of genetic variance revealed from triple test cross can be exploited by intermating selected individuals in early segregating generations with delayed selection in later generations, diallel selective mating/ biparental mating or recurrent selection followed by pedigree method to exploit both additive and non-additive components alongwith epistasis. Lines Bragg, Shivalik and P9-2-2 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. The cross combinations, Bragg x Hara Soya, PK- 472 x Him Soya, DS-1213 x Hara Soya, H-330 x Hara Soya and H-330 x Him soya showed high per se performance, SCA effects, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yield per plant and were rated as potential crosses for further improvement. Cross H-330 x Him Soya showed resistance against brown spot and bacterial pustule diseases. The interspecific hybrids developed involving Glycine max x G. soja, were true to type based on confirmation at the morphological, molecular and cytological level. Sufficient variability was found for all the traits studied in wide hybrids. Seed yield per plant showed significantly positive correlation with reproductive phase, pods per plant, pod length, petiole length, harvest index and 100-seed weight.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY UNDER PREVALENT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 15-07-19) Ravinder Kumar; Paliyal, S.S
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of soil quality under prevalent cropping systems in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out with a view to ascertain the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils under prevalent cropping systems viz., maize- wheat, rice- wheat and vegetable based in different agro climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh. On the basis of detailed survey and random sampling, representative 180 soil samples from two depths i.e. 0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30 m were collected. Soil samples were analyzed for their physical, chemical and biological properties and key indicators were identified using multivariate statistical analysis for computing the soil quality index. Wide variations in the soil health indicators were observed among different sites. The soil texture under various sites selected in the present study varied from sandy loam to sandy clay loam, however sandy loam was observed as the most dominant texture both under cereal and vegetable based cropping systems in all the four zones of the state. Soil reaction across various sites under present study was slightly acidic to neutral in Zone I-III but neutral to slightly alkaline in zone IV. Higher salt accumulation (EC) was observed under vegetable based cropping systems as compared to those of cereal based. Organic carbon was medium to high and available N, P and K contents were in low to medium category in all the four zones. Organic carbon and available and total N P and K contents were higher under the vegetable based cropping systems than cereal based. DTPA Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were observed sufficient, whereas total Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were recorded higher in cereal and vegetable based cropping system in all the zones. Microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, potentially mineralizable nitrogen and soil respiration were higher at low hill subtropical zone in all cropping systems as compared to those in Zone-II, III and IV. The mean soil quality index (SQI) values for rice- wheat, maize- wheat and vegetable based cropping systems were 0.74, 0.74 and 0.81; 0.85, 0.77 and 0.81; 0.92, 0.68 and 0.73; 0.72, 0.71 and 0.78 in zone-1, II, III and IV, respectively. Overall higher soil quality index was observed under vegetable based cropping system as compared to the cereal based cropping systems.
Open Access
STUDIES ON GENE ACTION FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS IN URDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-18) Patial, Ranjana; Mittal, R.K.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on gene action for seed yield and its related traits in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in urdbean. The experimental material comprised of 81 triple test cross progenies developed by mating 27 lines with three testers viz., HPBU-111 (L1), Him Mash-1(L2) and F1 of HPBU-111and Him Mash-1 (L3). These F1’s along with their parents were raised in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2017. Data were recorded and analysed for 12 agro-morphological traits. Sufficient variability was observed in the TTC progenies for all the traits studied. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for all of the traits under study. ‘i’ type epistatic interaction estimates were significant for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight. Whereas, ‘j+l’ type interaction was significant for all the traits. Both additive and dominant components were significant for all the traits; where additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action and additive component being more pronounced for rest of the traits indicating the relative importance of fixable type of gene action in their inheritance. Combining ability estimates showed significant genetic variance in lines for all traits whereas testers had significant genetic variance for nine traits. Lines IC-436910, IC-413306, IC-IC-398973 and IC-343885 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. Crosses IC-343885 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-436910 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-413306 x Him Mash-1 (G x P) and IC-343943 x HPBU-111(P x G) were potential crosses on the basis of SCA estimates, mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for seed yield and most of the traits. With regards to the Comparison of ТГС and L x T, the former is advantageous in providing an unambiguous test for the presence of epistasis, while the latter provides additional information, particularly with regard to the gca and sca effects and variances, helping breeders in the choice of better parents. Hence, both these designs should be applied together in order to have concrete information about the genetic architecture of economic traits in any crop.
Open Access
Integrated nitrogen management in maize-potato system in an acid Alfisol
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 07-01-19) Butail, Nagender Pal; Dixit, S. P.
The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur in randomized block design consisting of ten treatments combinations viz. control, 100 per cent mineral N, farmers’ practice, 100% mineral N +FYM (recommended), 25 and 50 per cent substitution of N through FYM, vermicompost and poultry manure, respectively. The experiment was conducted in maize-potato system for two years i.e. from kharif, 2015 to rabi, 2016-17. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.31), medium in organic carbon (6.58 g kg-1) with 234, 21.4 and 185 kg ha-1 of available N, P and K, respectively. The micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the soil were 21.8, 19.1, 0.93 and 0.48 mg kg-1, respectively. Surface (0-0.15 m) soil samples taken at the harvest of each crop were analysed for water holding capacity, pH, organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available N, P, K and micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Microbiological properties i.e. microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and soil respiration were also determined at harvest of potato, rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. While different fractions of N were determined at the end of experimentation i.e. at the harvest of second crop of potato, rabi 2016-17. Plant samples of both the crops at the harvest of each crop, were analyzed for total N, P, K and micronutrient cations content and their respective uptake by both the crops were worked out. The present study revealed that integrated use of chemical fertilizer and different organic manures improved the soil physical, chemical as well as biological properties with highest value in the treatment where 100 % N was applied through chemical fertilizes +FYM at recommended rates. Highest yield of both the crops was recorded in same treatment and was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments followed by treatment where 50% N was substituted with poultry manure. Application of 50 per cent N through chemical fertilizers + 50 per cent N through poultry manure improved the nitrogen use efficiency as compared to the rest of the treatments i.e. 56.2 % at the end of experimentation. The contribution of different organic as well as inorganic forms of nitrogen viz., hydrolysable ammonical-N, amino acid-N, serine+threonine-N, hexosamine-N, unidentified-N, non hydrolysable-N, ammonical-N and nitrate-N, towards the total-N was 20, 23, 8, 7, 17, 15, 7 and 3 %, respectively. Different fractions of nitrogen were also found to be positively and significantly correlated with one another except non hydrolysable-N. Application of 50 per cent N through chemical fertilizers + 50 per cent N through poultry manure to both the crops recorded highest net returns as well as highest benefit cost ratio. It is concluded that the application of 100 per cent N through chemical fertilizers + FYM at recommended rates proved best treatment in terms of productivity, nutrients uptake and soil properties while 50 per cent N substitution through poultry manure proved to be the best treatment in terms of profitability and nitrogen use efficiency.
Open Access
ELUCIDATION OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS GOVERNING COLD TOLERANCE DURING REPRODUCTIVE STAGE IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-10) Kiran, Asha; Sharma, Kamal Dev
Open Access
STUDIES ON GENE ACTION FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS IN URDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-18) Patial, Ranjana; Mittal, R.K.
The present investigation entitled “Studies on gene action for seed yield and its related traits in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in urdbean. The experimental material comprised of 81 triple test cross progenies developed by mating 27 lines with three testers viz., HPBU-111 (L1), Him Mash-1(L2) and F1 of HPBU-111and Him Mash-1 (L3). These F1’s along with their parents were raised in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2017. Data were recorded and analysed for 12 agro-morphological traits. Sufficient variability was observed in the TTC progenies for all the traits studied. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for all of the traits under study. ‘i’ type epistatic interaction estimates were significant for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight. Whereas, ‘j+l’ type interaction was significant for all the traits. Both additive and dominant components were significant for all the traits; where additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action and additive component being more pronounced for rest of the traits indicating the relative importance of fixable type of gene action in their inheritance. Combining ability estimates showed significant genetic variance in lines for all traits whereas testers had significant genetic variance for nine traits. Lines IC-436910, IC-413306, IC-IC-398973 and IC-343885 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. Crosses IC-343885 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-436910 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-413306 x Him Mash-1 (G x P) and IC-343943 x HPBU-111(P x G) were potential crosses on the basis of SCA estimates, mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for seed yield and most of the traits. With regards to the Comparison of ТГС and L x T, the former is advantageous in providing an unambiguous test for the presence of epistasis, while the latter provides additional information, particularly with regard to the gca and sca effects and variances, helping breeders in the choice of better parents. Hence, both these designs should be applied together in order to have concrete information about the genetic architecture of economic traits in any crop.
Open Access
BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE HISPA, DICLADISPA ARMIGERA (OLIVER) UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-04) Urvi; Srivastava, Ajai
Detailed studies on rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Oliver) were undertaken at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. The studies included understanding rice hispa’s annual life cycle, its population build-up, assessment of losses inflicted and management with suitable insecticides and biopesticides. The life history of D. armigera consisted of four distinct stages viz. egg, grub, pupa and adult, each having an average duration of 4.5, 14.0, 9.1 and 22.4 (male); 38.7 (female) days, respectively. Both adults and grubs caused damage due to its feeding on paddy leaves. As many as 3-4 generations were recorded under laboratory conditions (mid June-mid November), but the adults of last generation failed to lay eggs. A few individuals of adults of last generation survived on rice seedlings and weed host, Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) till April-May with limited feeding and no egg-laying. Field observations recorded the incidence of hispa adults on wheat crop during February-April. With the early monsoon showers, the adults of hispa started appearing on weeds viz. C. dactylon, Cyperus rotundus (Linn.), Andropogon gayanus (Kunth), Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) and Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., etc in the early June and thereafter it started feeding on paddy crop as soon as it was transplanted (July). During early stages of crop till 39th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), both adult and grub incidence were recorded on paddy, which built-up during the season. Adults remained associated with the crop till its maturity. The population reached its peak during 31-39 SMW (August-September). Relative humidity significantly and positively influenced its build-up. Natural parasitization of grubs (or pupae) by a eulophid wasp, Chrysonotomyia sp. was reported. Damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to rice hispa as quantified by release density and phenological crop stage revealed that release at early stage (20-days after transplanting, DAT) inflicted more leaf damage (64.9 per cent leaf damage index, at 3-hispa release density) compared to later stages. Moreover, the regression analysis revealed that per unit increase in hispa density at early stage (20-DAT) resulted in 5.82, 5.73, 441.4 reduced number of tillers, panicles and grains, respectively, and the respective grain weight by 8.06g (per four rice hills). Also, at release stage of 40-DAT, the grain number and grain weight reduced significantly (b= 258.5 and 6.87, respectively), but at advanced release stage (60-DAT), no significant losses were recorded. Application of various insecticides viz. dinotefuran 20 SG, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, monocrotophos 36 SL @ 200g, 500, 1250, 850 ml ha-1, respectively, and biopesticides viz. beauveria 106 spores ml-1, melia 5 per cent, eupatorium 5 per cent @ 5.0, 2.5, 2.5L ha-1, respectively, proved promising in checking hispa infestation, with dinotefuran being the most effective and more or less comparable with other insecticides. Among biopesticides, beauveria application provided a significant check. However, maximum returns were obtained from triazophos.

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