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2018 - 201912020 - 20221
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Author: Singh, Gurpreet × Start date: 2007 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-28) Singh, Gurpreet; Kumar Sharma, Surender
    The present investigation entitled “Behaviour and performance of hived honey bees in reduced frame brood chamber” was carried out at CSKHPKV, Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan and at farmer’s apiary adjoining to the station. Standard Langstroth bee hive and its prototypes with comb frame capacities of 7 & 8 frame were used to rear Apis mellifera honeybees and evaluated for colony performance, pest infestation, disease infection and colony hygiene. In case of Asian bee, Apis cerana ISI hive and two modified versions of ISI hive were also tested for performance parameters under mid hill conditions. In case of A. cerana, the significantly highest pollen area (118.35 cm2 ) nectar area (338.96 cm2 ) and bee strength (3.20 bee frames/colony) was recorded in modified 6 frame hive (1" internally reduced) during the month of February followed by 8 frame hive (2" internally reduced) and standard ISI hive. The maximum infestation of wax moth was recorded in ISI hive (14.32 cm2 ) followed by modified 6 frame (9.60 cm2 ) and 8 frame (7.32 cm2 ). The significantly better and highest bee strength in A. mellifera was recorded in 8-frame (9.00 bee frames/colony) in June and also the brood area (3646.70 cm2 ) in April. Peak incidence of European foul brood disease was recorded in 7 frame hive (4.10%) followed by standard LS hive (4.05%) and 8 frame hive (3.84). Maximum average Sac brood virus disease incidence was in 10-frame hive in April (3.10 %) while no disease was observed in 8 frame LS hive. Significantly higher incidence of V. auraria was recorded during August in treatments where LS hive was used to rear the bees. The maximum population of V. basalis (4.53 wasp/5min/colony) and V. tropica (2.01 wasps/5 min/colony) was recorded during September. However, greater wax moth incidence was not severe but it was observed in all the test hives. The colony hygiene in terms of removal of dead larvae after 24- 72 hours was recorded better in reduced chamber hives as compared to LS hive brood chamber. Thus, it could be inferred from the present studies that under mid hills conditions of H.P. during dearth period where A. cerana tends absconding and A, mellifera dwindles, reduced bee frame brood chambers of Langstroth hives for A. mellifera proved better whereas for A. cerana modified version of ISI hive with 6 frames may be suitable.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS ON WEED DIVERSITY UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-20) Singh, Gurpreet; Pathania, Pawan
    The present study was carried out in a continuing experiment at the Bhadiarkhar farm of the university. Eight cropping systems [C1- „rice – wheat‟, C2- „rice – pea – summer squash‟, C3- „okra – radish – onion‟, C4- „turmeric – pea – summer squash‟, C5- „rice – lettuce – potato‟, C6- „rice – palak – cucumber‟, C7- „rice – broccoli – radish‟, C8- „colocasia – pea + coriander‟] were evaluated during 2016-17 in RBD with four replications for their effect on weed menace, production potential, economic feasibility, energy relations and yield and nutrient losses due to weeds under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. There were 24 weed species which invaded different cropping systems. During kharif, Ageratum sp. (28%) Cynodon dactylon (20%) and Commelina benghalensis (19%) were the predominant weeds. In rabi, Phalaris minor(63%) was the most dominating weedfollowed by Coronopus didymus (10%), Spergulla arvensis (6%) and Ageratum sp. (4%). In kharif, Commelina benghalensis was most abundant weed irrespective of the cropping system and was most dense in rice-based cropping systems. Ageratum sp. was most dense in other systems. Monochoria vaginalis was only present in rice-based cropping systems. Cynodon dactylon had highest important value index (IVI) irrespective of the cropping system followed by Commelina benghalensis, while Ageratum sp. was important in other cropping systems having higher IVI. Weed flora during rabi was richer than that during kharif. In rabi, Phalaris minor had highest abundance, density and important value index (IVI) irrespective of the cropping system. Coronopus didymus and Spergulla arvensis were the other important weeds having higher value of these indices. In traditional „rice-wheat‟ system 14 species in rabi and 8 in kharif season were found associated and species richness varied with diversification of systems. In rabi, highest diversity of weed species was in rice-wheat system and in kharif weed flora was more diverse in C3, C4 and C8 i.e. okra, turmeric and colocasia based systems and was lower in rice-based systems. C8 had highest RGEY, profitability, productivity, gross returns, net returns and B: C among all the cropping systems. C3 had highest land use efficiency. C1 had highest carbohydrate, protein yield and highest energy output with lowest input. C4 had highest cost of cultivation and lowest B: C and energy output: input. N depletion by weeds ranged from 16.2 in C6 to 48.5 kg/ha/annum in C3, P from 3.1 in C5 to 8.1 kg/ha/annum in C3 and K from 4.8 in C6 to 13.2 kg/ha/annum in C3. Weeds inflicted huge yield losses ranging from 30.6 in C1 to 59.2 % in C6.