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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON USE OF SOME PHYTOGENIC MATERIALS AS CATTLE FEED PRESERVATIVES.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019) Rana, Divya; Rani, DaisyThis study was conducted to generate information regarding use of some phytogenic materials as cattle feed preservatives with the objectives to study changes in chemical composition of concentrate feeds preserved with plant materials; to study the effect of preservatives on in-vitro digestion of feeds; to study effect of promising preservative on nutrient utilization in ruminants and to study the economics of use of preservatives on growth performance of calves. Calcium propionate @ 0.1 percent, curry leaves @ 2 percent, mint leaves @ 1 percent, seabuckthorn leaves @ 2 percent, eucalyptus leaves @ 2 percent, turmeric rhizome powder @ 1 percent and neem leaves were added @ 2 percent and they were designated as PC, C, M, S, E, T and N, respectively. Basal feed was designated as NC. Effect on physical and chemical composition of feeds was studied up to 6 months period. In-vitro gas production study was conducted bimonthly for dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Digestibility-cum-metabolism trial was conducted by using NC, PC, N and T with wheat straw as source of roughage in 4 groups of calves with 5 calves in each group. A growth study was conducted on same groups of growing calves for 12 weeks period by using TMR containing concentrate with PC, N and T. Economics of use of the phytogenic preservatives in growing calves was calculated. On the basis of effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of concentrate feeds, treatment T and N had rank 1 followed by PC; M and S; C; NC and E in decreasing order. The feeds could be very well preserved up to 4 months after preparation under the weather conditions of Palampur, without affecting the in-vitro digestibility of DM and OM. The treatment T significantly (P<0.05) increased the digestibility of OM, CF and NFE in the growing calves. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the use of PC, N and T. Energy content of feeds of N and T treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than NC. The use of Calcium propinate, Neem and Turmeric resulted in lowering the expenditure of feeding to get 1 kg body weight by 10.65, 8.59 and 6.53 percent, respectively compared to NC. As the shelf-life study was conducted from February to August, there was a great change in environmental condition during last 2 to 3 months due to monsoons, therefore research work is needed to be conducted on the effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of feeds which are prepared and stored during rainy season.ThesisItem Open Access Study on feeding Azolla (Azolla piñnata) for rearing broiler poultry birds.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-16) Rana, Divya; Katoch, ShivaniAbstract This study was conducted to generate information regarding feeding Azolla (Azolla piñnata) for rearing broiler poultry birds. Specifically it aimed to 1) Evaluate the biological growth performance of broiler birds offered Azolla meal (AZM) with soybean meal at different nutrient densities alone and in combinations with additives. 2) Effect on blood biochemistry viz. calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol. 3) Economics of substituting Azolla meal (AZM) with soybean meal (SBM). An experiment was conducted on 110, day old commercial poultry broiler chicks which were divided into 5 main groups (1 control + 4 treatments) within 2 replicates having 11 chicks in each replicate. Four levels of Azolla (2.5 per cent, 2.5 per cent + enzymes (Hizyme & Phytase (PE)), 5.0 per cent and 5.0 per cent + enzymes (Hizyme & Phytase (PE)) served as components of T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, where as treatment T0 served as standard control diet. These dietary treatments were arranged in randomized block design. The substitution with dry Azolla with and without Hizyme (carbohydrase) and Phytase enzyme as an ingredient compared to a standard formulated conventional diet was done in a way that the crude protein and metabolisable energy values were similar in all treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) and control (T0). Overall growth performance of the Azolla fed groups (T1, T2, T3, T4) was found to be comparable to the birds offered standard soybean based formulated feed (T0). Growth performance did not exhibit any significant (P<0.05) difference concluding that Azolla as unconventional feed ingredient was successful in replacing soybean meal without affecting the growth performance. Whereas feed intake per unit gain in live weight was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher for the Azolla fed groups compared to control group, but 2.5 per cent substitution of Azolla supplemented with enzymes exhibited lower feed conversion ratio compared to treatment offered 5 per cent substituted Azolla. It was also observed that the general acceptability of cooked meat is more in broilers offered Azolla meal at 5 per cent substitution. The breast meat yield and cooking yield value was significantly higher in Azolla fed groups. There was increase in gizzard weight as well gizzard thickness in treatment groups offered 2.5 per cent Azolla substituted feed which also exhibited better feed conversion ratio. The results may be attributed to improved digestibility of nutrients because of better gizzard functioning and increased gastro duodenal reflexes facilitating the contact between nutrients and digestive enzymes. The addition of Azolla in the poultry ration did not affect the plasma mineral levels of broilers. Higher feed intake per unit gain in live weight for the Azolla fed treatments slightly increased the cost of production leading to slightly lower profits, thus Azolla meal can be used as alternative to soy bean in broiler birds. Based on the findings it can be concluded that dried Azolla meal can be safely administered as unconventional feed ingredient in commercial poultry broiler feed up to 5 per cent level without having any deleterious effect on growth, organoleptic and biochemical parameters and can be used as alternative to soy bean meal.