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Theses

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2018 - 20202
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Subject: Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF SOME OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS IN DAIRY COWS DIAGNOSE D WITH POST PARTUM SUB CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-12-03) SHARMA, AKSHAY; Singh, Madhumeet
    The study was conducted on 45 post-partum dairy cows at Livestock Farm Complex, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Assessment of energy reserves i.e. body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), was done at weekly interval up to 8 weeks post-partum along with serum leptin estimation to investigate its association with occurrence of sub-clinical endometriris (SCE). For diagnostic purpose, endometrial cytology via cytotape method was carried out as confirmatory test for diagnosis of SCE i.e. polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) proportion ≥1 per cent. Also, trans-rectal Doppler ultrasonography at a weekly interval i.e. day 0 to 56, along with B-mode for assessment of uterine involution and resumption of ovarian activity, was used. Serum inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive protein (C-RP) levels were estimated for drawing a relation with SCE. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols were applied to study their effect on PMNCs proportion during SCE and post-partum reproductive performance. On the basis of endometrial cytology, the incidence of sub-clinical endometritis positive and clinical endometritis positive cows was 60 and 8.89 per cent, respectively at 8 weeks post-partum, however, the cows in sub-clinical endometritis negative group had an incidence of 31.11 per cent. BCS and BFT were significantly lower (p<0.05) in SCEP cows as compared to SCEN cows on the day 0 and 56 post-partum, however, serum leptin concentrations were significantly low (p<0.05) only on day 0 post-partum in SCEP cows. Haemodynamic indices i.e. Time averaged maximum velocity and Blood flow volume- Time averaged maximum velocity, and diameter of middle uterine artery ipsilateral to gravid uterine horn was significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) on day 0 and 56 post-partum in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and C-RP were significantly higher (p<0.01 & p<0.05) in SCEP and CEP cows as compared to SCEN cows at 8 weeks post-partum. MG6G and MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocols led to a significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01, respectively) reduction in PMNCs proportion and serum IL-6 concentration on the day of estrus in cows under SCEP group. MG6GP modified estrus synchronization protocol fared better in terms of achieving conception i.e. 60 per cent vs. 30 per cent in MG6G protocol and also, resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.01) in days open of SCEP cows as compared to cows under SCEP control and CEP group.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ultrasonographic and laparoscopic studies on genitalia of abandoned cows
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur) Ahmad Sofi, Khursheed; Singh, Madhumeet
    ABSTRACT The present study comprised evaluation of genitalia of abandoned cows through transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and transabdominal laparoscopy (TAL). Cows were examined by rectal palpation (n=45) followed by TRUS (n=45) and TAL (n=28) a day later. Blood and serum samples (n=8) were collected at pre (1h) and post (1 and 24 h) laparoscopy for complete blood count, hormone and biochemical analysis. Laparoscopic chromopertubation (n=4) using methylene blue dye (2.5%) was done to evaluate tubal patency. Among 45 cows examined manually, 43 different genital abnormalities were detected in 36 (80%) animals whereas 69 abnormalities were diagnosed in 39 (86.7%) cows by TRUS. Echographic characteristics of different pathological conditions were documented. Both left and right flank approach was feasible for TAL and direct trocar technique proved better technique for creating pneumoperitoneum than Veress needle method. Optimum site for laparoscopic port was 8-10 cm cranial to the tip of tuber coxae and 6-8 cm ventral to the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and for first and second instrument port was 18- 20 cm and 10-12 cm ventral to the tip of tuber coxae and 2-3 cm and 4-6 cm cranial to that point. TAL of genitalia (n=21) revealed ovarian abnormalities in 18 (85.7%), oviduct and adnexal pathologies in 17 (80.9%) and uterine abnormalities in 9 (42.8%) animals. Significant difference of only cortisol level between pre and post 1 h and of AST at 24 h post laparoscopy was recorded. Rectal, TRUS and TAL (n=17) revealed ovarian abnormalities in 6 (35.3%), 7 (41.2%) and 15 (88.2%), oviduct and adnexal abnormalities in 1 (5.8%), 6 (35.3%) and 12 (70.6%) and uterine abnormalities in 4 (23.6%), 8 (47.1%) and 9 (52.9%) animals. Similarly, cervical abnormalities were 6 (35.3%) and 9 (52.9%) by rectal examination and TRUS. In conclusion, TRUS allowed more detailed evaluation of genital tract pathologies compared to rectal palpation. TAL could be successfully done through flank approach for evaluation of genitalia and laparoscopic chromopertubation could be standardized for tubal patency evaluation in cows. Both TRUS and TAL were effective diagnostic tools for evaluation of genital abnormalities compared to rectal palpation. Further, use of diagnostic tools indicated that actual incidence of reproductive abnormalities may be higher in abandoned cows than detected by rectal palpation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INVESTIGATION ON FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS AND SEMEN CRYOPRESERVATION IN GOATS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-01-06) KUMAR Sharma, Amit; Sood, Pankaj
    ABSTRACT Goats are multipurpose animals. Two different breeds, namely Gaddi and Chegu, strengthen the socioeconomic status of a large percentage of rural population in Himachal Pradesh. Out of season breeding in Gaddi breed is known, but has not been proved scientifically. Genetic degradation in both Gaddi and Chegu breeds due to lack of males of superior germplasm is seriously restricting the benefits from goat rearing. Accordingly, in present study (May 2016 to December 2017) information on breeding practices adopted by regional Gaddi shepherds (n=25) was collected and out of season breeding was confirmed to occur in 80% Gaddi goats. To verify breeding during long days, experimental studies on ovarian follicular dynamics were undertaken during non-breeding (n=11) and breeding seasons (n=7) in the same Gaddi does raised under semi-intensive conditions. Follicular dynamics revealed active ovaries during both seasons as indicated by a preponderance of 3- and 4-follicular waves in 94.4% animals. The ovaries were more active during breeding than non-breeding season. It was reflected by higher daily number of follicles of different sizes/day (5.50±0.55 versus 3.15±0.67) and higher growth rate of dominant follicle (0.79±0.04 versus 0.65±0.03 mm/d). The most distinct feature was presence of relatively larger dominant follicle during non-breeding than breeding season (7.66±0.10 versus 6.85±0.24 mm) which, however, remained anovulatory and could be incriminated to a shorter interwave interval during breeding season (4.90±0.31 versus 5.66±0.28 d). To overcome the paucity of superior males, a cryopreserved semen bank was established using elite Gaddi (n=11; aged 2.16±0.36 years) and Chegu (n=8; aged 1.98±0.34 years) bucks. The semen cryopreservation protocol was established using 74 ejaculates from Gaddi bucks. Removal of seminal plasma and incorporation of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol in the extender provided best post thaw semen in the study. The standardized protocol was eventually used to cryopreserve 106 and 180 qualifying ejaculates, collected twice weekly, in Gaddi and Chegu, respectively. In terms of progressive motility, the sperms of Gaddi compared to Chegu were more resilient to cryoinjury as indicated by a relatively reduced per cent change of 52.03 versus 58.31 and accordingly significantly higher progressive motility of 35.18±0.87 versus 30.86±0.78, respectively. In terms of age, the sperms of young Gaddi bucks than adult bucks were more cryosensitive, while such disparity was missing in Chegu. The semen quality improved with a reduction in temperature, while there was no such relation with photoperiod (sunshine hours) in both the breeds. The average fertility of cryopreserved semen generated in present study used as double straw coupled with 4 µg GnRH administration at induced estrus resulted in a fertility percentage of 41.25% in Gaddi (confirmed pregnancy in 33 out of 80) and 67.50% (non return rates in 27 out of 40). In conclusion, (i) the discrepancy in out of season breeding in Gaddi does at farmers versus experimental conditions could be due to variation in management practices (ii) the ovaries are active, but with anovulatory waves during non-breeding season (iii) removal of seminal plasma, use of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol provides best semen quality from Gaddi and Chegu bucks with acceptable fertility results (iv) Gaddi sperms are less cryosensitive (v) it is temperature instead of photoperiod that could have varying effects on semen quality of Gaddi and Chegu bucks.