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Theses

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2014 - 20182
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology × Start date: 1991 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE EXTRAPULMONARY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF GADDI GOAT
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06-04) Baltoo, Ashwarya; Rajput, Rajesh
    In Gaddi goats, the nostrils were slit like passages and were situated obliquely at rostral most part of the head. The mean length and width at centre of the nostril was 2.79 cm and 0.31cm respectively. The nostrils were lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Nasal cavity of goat was conical, slightly bloated in the centre. The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the mucosa contained ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells. The submucosal branched tubule-alveolar glands were found throughout the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity had three nasal turbinate bones viz. dorsal, ventral and middle. The dorsal turbinate was the longest and widest one. The mean length of the dorsal turbinate was 11.47 ± 0.48 cm. The middle turbinate was pyramidal shaped having a shelf like arrangement. The mean length of the middle and ventral turbinates were 5.07± 0.17and 9.58 ± 0.54 cms respectively. The lamina of the ventral turbinate was divided into dorsal and ventral scrolls. The dorsal scroll had 2 turns, while the ventral had only 1 turn. The common nasal meatus was divided into dorsal, middle and ventral by the turbinates. The goblet cells and nasal glands showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue in nasal cavity. The nasopharyngeal mucosa was undulating and was lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Larynx was made up of unpaired epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilages in anterio-posterior sequence and the paired arytenoid cartilages were placed rostro-dorsally.The apex of arytenoid cartilages did not show well defined corniculate process in Gaddi goat. Thyroid cartilage was the largest cartilage of the larynx. Epiglottis Cartilage was cordate leaf like. The trachea was composed of forty two to forty eight cartilaginous rings. The right apical bronchus originated at 37thor 38th ring. The tracheal bifurcation into two principle bronchi occurred at the level of 5th rib. Total length of the trachea was 26.86 ± 0.45 cm. The mean outer vertical diameter and mean outer transverse diameter were20.19 ± 0.99 mmand 18.19 ± 0.72 mm respectively.The outer vertical diameter was maximum at the level of 35th tracheal ring, where as the outer transverse diameter was minimum there. The rings of trachea were incomplete dorsally. The trachealis muscles was present on the inner aspect to join the free ends of the tracheal cartilages.In Trachea goblet cells, tracheal glands and cartilages showed strong reaction for PAS, Alcian Blue and Bromophenol Blue.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH OF GADDI SHEEP
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2014-09-29) Malik Ahmed, Shabir; Rajput, Rajesh
    ABSTRACT The study was conducted on the oesophagus and stomach of thirty Gaddi sheep to observe the gross anatomy, histoarchitecture and histochemistry, which revealed that the oesophagus increased in diameter from pharynx towards the cardia. The wall of the oesophagus was composed of four distinct layers i.e. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa / adventitia. Tunica mucosa was composed of lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis. The lining epithelium of oesophagus was keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The tunica submucosa was relatively thick, highly vascular tunic with connective tissue being more fibrous and less cellular. Tunica muscularis consisted of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. The stomach was composed of four structurally distinct parts: rumen, reticulum and omasum; collectively called forestomach and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and abomasum by simple columnar epithelium. The rumen, a large laterally compressed sac was partially divided into different sacs by muscular pillars internally, with external grooves corresponding to the position of internal rumen pillars. The mucosa of rumen was studded with papillae which varied from short tongue-like forms to large flattened foliate papillae. The mucosa of reticulum was raised into permanent folds which formed honeycomb-like structures. Omasum was a muscular, oval shaped organ containing many parallel crescent shaped laminae. The abomasum was thrown into high longitudinal folds. The compound stomach had all the layers of a typical tubular organ i.e. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa however lamina muscularis was absent in rumen and was confined to the tips of primary reticular folds in reticulum. Tunica submucosa consisted of collagen and elastic fibres that blended into the lamina propria without any distinct junction in rumen and reticulum. Tunica muscularis comprised of inner thicker circular and outer thin longitudinal layer in rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The tunica mucosa of abomasum had cardiac, fundic and pyloric glands lined by simple columnar epithelium. Cardiac and fundic glands were simple tubular glands whereas pyloric glands were branched tubular glands. Chief, parietal and mucous neck cells were present in the fundic glands. The histochemical reactions were mainly demonstrated in the stratum corneum and superficial region of the oesophagus, in the lamina epithelialis and connective tissue core of mucosal projections of rumen, reticulum and omasum and the gastric glands present near the superficial region of glandular mucosa indicating the presence of glycogen (PAS), acidic mucopolysaccharides (Alcian blue pH 2.5) and lipids (Sudan Black B).