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Open Access
Weed Management in Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2023-02-05) Sharma, Kshitij; Singh, Ravinder
An experiment on Weed management in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) was conducted at Experimental Farm of Research Sub Station of CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya at Berthin of Bilaspur district during Kharif 2021. The experiment was laid out by planting elephant foot yam variety Palam Zimikand-1 in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprising of eight weed management treatments viz., Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence, Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP, Incorporation of cowpea as green manure after 45-60 days of planting, Plastic mulch (biodegradable double shaded), Dry mulch @ 5 tonnes/ha, HW at 30 and 60 DAP, Weed free and Control (No weeding). The predominating weed species recorded during experimentation was Cyperus rotundus. Among different weed management treatments, use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch was the best treatment with respect to girth of pseudo stem, canopy spread, leaf area index, corm yield, yield and quality attributes, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio and it was followed by weed free and HW at 30 and 60 days after planting treatments. Among herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence + HW at 60 DAP (T2) is better over pendimethalin 30EC @1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence (T1), whereas unweeded treatment was lowest for most of the traits due to more crop-weed-competition. The use of biodegradable double shaded plastic mulch is the best treatment for weed management in elephant foot yam for achieving higher productivity and profitability under low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
Genetic diversity in bacterial wilt tolerant genotypes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) using agro morphological and molecular markers
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-18) Sood, Tamanna; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among traits and characterize the bell pepper genotypes using agro-morphological and molecular markers to identify superior genotypes for future breeding programmes. The experimental material comprised 24 genotypes, including one susceptible (California Wonder) and two resistant (EC-464107 and EC-464115) checks, evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during the summer rainy season, 2021. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, BWT-39-DR exhibited the highest marketable fruit yield per plant followed by BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L. These genotypes were also promising for other traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, harvest duration, fruit width, average fruit weight, marketable fruits per plant, capsanthin content, TSS and ascorbic acid content. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed for fruit shape index, marketable fruits per plant and marketable fruit yield per plant suggesting that selection would be effective for these traits. Marketable fruit yield per plant showed a significant and positive correlation with marketable fruits per plant, harvest duration, capsanthin content, ascorbic acid content, average fruit weight and primary branches per plant. Marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight were the best selection indices for increasing marketable fruit yield per plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five significant principal components explained 83.19 per cent of the variation. Genetic divergence analysis using the D 2 statistic grouped the genotypes into 11 clusters, whereas the genotypes were divided into two clusters using the UPGMA clustering method indicating that the population structure was primarily based on genetic origin along with moderate to high gene flow. Twelve genotypes viz., BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, BWT-39-DR, BWT-29, BWT-3Y, BWT-3Y-4L, Kandaghat Selection, BWT-48-AC, BWT-49-AC, BWT-22-HY, EC-464107 and EC-464115 were found common on comparing the agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between the morphological and SSR data. Thus, based on combined approach of agro-morphological and molecular characterization, it can be concluded that the genotypes viz., BWT-39-DR, BWT-39, BWT-39-BR, Kandaghat Selection and BWT-3Y-4L can be used either directly as varieties after multi-location testing as they are possessing high yields, superior quality traits and resistance to bacterial wilt, or as parents in hybridization programmes.
Open Access
Characterization of genetic diversity in onion (Allium cepa L.) using agro-morphological and molecular markers
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Kapoor, Shorya; Sood, Sonia
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters of variability, associations among marketable bulb yield and contributing traits and characterize the onion genotypes using agro morphological and molecular markers. The experimental material comprised of 49 genotypes including two checks ‘Palam Lohit’ (red) and ‘Him Palam Shweta’ (white) that were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during rabi season, 2020-21. Sufficient genetic variability was observed among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on mean performance, genotypes CITH-0- 2 followed by PRO-8 and ON20-30 in red category and ON20-74 in white category were best performing for marketable bulb yield. These genotypes were also found to be promising for other traits viz., plant height, leaves/plant, bolting percentage, equatorial diameter, average bulb weight, biological yield, total bulb yield, pyruvic acid, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, boron, stemphylium blight incidence percentage and thrips incidence percentage. High PCV and GCV along with high heritability and high genetic advance were observed for bolting percentage, A grade bulbs, D grade bulbs, double bulbs, total sugars, zinc, manganese and sprouting percentage indicating that selection on the basis of these traits would be effective. A significant and positive correlation was found between marketable bulb yield and average bulb weight, total bulb yield, biological yield, equatorial diameter, polar diameter, plant height, neck thickness, A grade bulbs, leaves/plant and moisture content while total losses with rotting percentage, potassium, total sugars, sprouting percentage, manganese, copper and sulphur. In view of direct and indirect contribution of component traits, selection on the basis of total bulb yield, average bulb weight and D grade bulbs would be paying preposition for evolving high yielding genotypes and their improvement. The study revealed considerable genetic diversity among genotypes which were grouped into seven clusters (horticultural basis) and ten clusters (quality basis). Principal component analysis revealed that total 81.84 per cent variation was contributed by first six components. Genetic divergence study using UPGMA (NTSYS) with molecular markers divided the genotypes into two clusters. Sixteen genotypes were found to be common on comparing agro-morphological and molecular clusters demonstrating the congruence between morphological and ISSR data among which 12 were red onion viz., ON20-47, ON20-45, ON20-50, ON20-51, CITH-0-2, VL Piaz-3, Sona, Sandeep, ON20- 41, PRO-9, Bhima Shakti and NHO-920, whereas four were white onion viz., W-355, Agrifound White, W 340-EL-8 and DOGR-HT-4. Thus, from the present investigation it can be concluded that three genotypes from red onion viz., CITH-0-2, PRO-8 and ON20-30 while two genotypes from white onion viz., ON20-74 and DOGR-HT-2 were found to be the most diverse and can be directly used after multi-location testing as they posess inherent ability to produce high yields and have superior quality traits or can also be used in breeding programmes to exploit heterosis or to isolate transgressive segregants with desirable traits.
Open Access
Effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Walia, Shriya; Katoch, Viveka
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of sowing time and integrated weed management on growth and yield of garden pea. The experiment comprising of 20 combinations i.e. four sowing dates (3rd week of October, 1st week of November, 3rd week of November and 4th week of November) and five weed control treatments viz. weedy check, weed-free (3 hand-weedings), imazethapyr 100g/ha (pre-emergence), imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) followed by clodinafop 60g/ha ( post-emergence 45-60 DAS) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre emergence) + hand weeding was conducted in complete randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur during rabi 2021-22. Date of sowing and weed control treatments exhibited significant variation on different growth and yield parameters of garden pea. Results revealed that weed count and dry matter accumulation increased with advancement of crop growth and delay in sowing time from 3rd week of October to 4th week of November. Weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding provided better weed control compared to the other treatments. Among sowing dates, 3rd week of October resulted in maximum number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per hectare, shelling percentage, protein content, gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio. Among weed control treatments, weed-free (3 hand-weedings) and imazethapyr 75g/ha (pre-emergence) + hand weeding were the most promising treatments for number of pods per plant, pod yield, shelling percentage, haulms yield, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight. Three hand-weedings (weed-free) gave highest gross returns (2.80 lakh/ha) but highest net return was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (1.86 lakh/ha). Highest benefit cost ratio was found in imazethapyr 75g/ha + hand weeding (3.08) due to the high labour cost. The interaction effect between sowing dates and weed control treatments reaveled that the new genotype of garden pea, APL5-55 must be sown between 3rd week of October and 1st week of November with application of imazethapyr 75 g/ha + hand-weeding.
Open Access
Genetic evaluation of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-22) Sharma, Himanshu; Chadha, Sanjay
The present investigation entitled “Genetic evaluation of carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes” was conducted during Rabi season, 2021- 22 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Palampur, HP. The experimental material consists of fifteen genotypes of carrot including three check varieties. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications to identify promising genotypes based on nature and magnitude of genetic variability for root yield and related attributes and to find out the inter relationship among traits and their direct and indirect contribution on marketable yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits studied except days taken to marketable maturity. On the basis of overall mean performance of the genotypes the maximum marketable root yield per plot was found in genotype KTC 9 (4.11kg) and was found statistically at par with two check varieties Pusa Nayanjyoti (4.11kg) and Pusa Yamdagini (3.67kg). From quality point of view KTC 17 had highest TSS (11.7o brix) and dry matter content (13.7), KTC 3 for β-carotene (5.0mg/100g) and vitamin A (16811.1I.U.). Higher estimates of genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for root-top ratio, unmarketable root percentage, marketable root yield per plot, ascorbic acid, number of marketable roots per plot and total sugar contents. High heritability accompanied with high or moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for the characters viz. ascorbic acid content, total sugar content, β-carotene content, vitamin A, marketable root yield per plot, biological yield per plant and leaf weight. Marketable root yield per plot had significant and positive correlation both at phenotypic and genotypic level with number of marketable roots per plot, leaf weight, biological yield per plant and root length whereas, at genotypic level only with moisture content. Further, path coefficient analysis revealed that the maximum positive direct effectstowards marketable root yield per plot wasrecorded for marketable root weight per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level. Thus, indicating importance of selection for bringing improvement in yield.
Open Access
Herbicide combinations for the management of complex weed flora in garlic (Allium sativum L.)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-16) Sharma, Ankush; Chaudhary, Desh Raj
A field investigation was conducted at Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Rabi, 2021-22 to infer about the suitable pre/ post-emergence herbicide (s) or their combination for the management of complex weed flora in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam, acidic, medium in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Twelve treatment combinations namely, oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post emergence), oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, metribuzin 400 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), metribuzin 320 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, imazethapyr 100 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), imazethapyr 80 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence), pendimethalin 1200 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW, pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre-emergence) + 2 HW, hand weeding thrice, weed free ( 4 HW) and weedy check. The major weed flora observed in the experimental field was comprised of Spergula arvensis (27.7%), Tulipa asiatica (22.6%), Coronopus didymus (19.2%), Veronica sp. (8.4%) Euphorbia sp. (8.4%) and Phalaris minor (7.3%). Results of the study revealed that Weed free (4 HW) and Oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW effectively reduced the count and dry matter of weed species. Highest weed control efficiency of 86.19 per cent was obtained from weed free (4 HW) treatment followed by 77.86 per cent with oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post-emergence) + 1 HW. The treatment weed free (4 HW) also produced significantly higher bulb yield (11.4 t/ha), higher gross (₹ 4,26,562) and net (₹ 3,76,763) returns due to weed control. Amongst herbicidal treatments, oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post emergence) + 1 HW proved best as it resulted in significantly higher bulb yield (10.8 t/ha), gross (₹ 3,84,433) and net (₹ 3,71,137) returns due to weed control. The treatment, oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha (pre emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 60 g/ha (post-emergence) gave the highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) of 58.16. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that the treatments, weed free (4 HW) and oxyfluorfen 120 g/ha (pre-emergence) fb quizalofop ethyl 50 g/ha (post emergence) + 1 HW were the best options for obtaining higher bulb yield and management of complex weed flora in garlic.
Open Access
Induction of androgenesis in head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
(Palampur, 2022-11-02) Pathania, Prhas; Chadha, Sanjay
The present investigation entitled “Induction of androgenesis in head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)” was undertaken to assess the effect of different duration of pretreatment (2 and 4 days at 35°C), culture media ( B5 and NLN), sucrose concentrations (10 and 12 %) and hormonal combinations [2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l) + NAA (1.0 mg/l), 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l) + NAA (1.5 mg/l), 2, 4-D (1.0 mg/l) + NAA (1.0 mg/l), 2, 4-D (1.0 mg/l) + NAA (1.5 mg/l)] on callus induction frequency and to determine the effect of different growth regulators on callus regeneration. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment. The highest callus induction frequency was recorded after 2 days of pre-treatment at 35°C on the B5 media supplemented with 10 per cent sucrose and 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l) + NAA (1.0 mg/l) hormonal combination. The highest callus regeneration frequency was obtained when calli were transferred to B5 medium containing 3 % sucrose and supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l Kinetin + 0.25 mg/l NAA hormonal combination. The rhizogenesis was induced in the shoots derived from the callus which were sub-cultured on rooting medium (B5 + 3 % sucrose), among the two different concentration of IBA tested 0.1mg/l gave higher rooting percentage as compared to 0.2mg/l IBA.
Open Access
Evaluation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genotypes in a controlled hydroponic system
(Palampur, 2022-11-16) Kumar, Ankit; Sharma, Parveen
The present investigation was carried out under controlled hydroponic conditions at the Experimental Farm, Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during Autumn-Winter and Spring-Summer seasons of 2021-22 to compare the horticultural and yield contributing characters and to identify the suitable cultivar of lettuce for hydroponic system. Twelve genotypes were evaluated in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications and data were recorded on horticultural, yield and quality related traits. The analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were significant for all the characters namely, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, stem thickness (cm), stem length (cm), plant height (cm), root length (cm), leaf color, leaf shape, leaf texture, total soluble solids (degree brix), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), β carotene (µg/100g), calcium content (%), iron content (mg/100g), moisture weight (%), dry weight (g/10g), benefit-cost ratio, yield per plant (g) and yield per m 2 (kg) that indicated the presence of sufficient genetic variability in germplasm. Based upon overall performance, genotypes viz., Saula, Green Wave, LS-2 and Balmoral were found to be the most promising for yield per plant and also outperformed for more number of leaves per plant, plant height and stem thickness. High PCV and GCV estimates were obtained for leaf area index, yield per plant, yield per m2 , stem length, ascorbic acid, number of leaves per plant and plant height which indicated that selection is effective for improvement of these traits. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for leaf area index, yield per m2 , yield per plant, number of leaves per plant, plant height, stem length, root length, ascorbic acid, iron content and calcium content which revealed the importance of additive gene action for the inheritance of these traits and further improvement could be done through phenotypic selection. Yield per m2 was positively and significantly correlated with number of leaves per plant and calcium content. The estimates of direct effects showed that yield per plant, ascorbic acid, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, dry weight and calcium content had positive effect on yield per m2 at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Among all the genotypes, Saula, Green Wave, LS-2 and Great Collis performed better due to adequate amount of water and nutrient necessary for its proper growth under hydroponic conditions. The highest benefit cost ratio was also observed in these genotypes.
Open Access
Genetic diversity using morphological and molecular markers in mid late and late cauliflower genotypes
(palampur, 2022-08-31) Rana, Neha; Sharma, Akhilesh
The present investigation was undertaken to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic variation using morphological and molecular markers, association of yield with its component traits and their direct and indirect contributions towards marketable curd weight to identify the most promising cauliflower genotypes. The experimental material comprising of 36 genotypes belonging to mid late and late group were evaluated in α-RBD design with three replications during winter season 2021-22. Data were recorded on marketable curd weight along with 19 component traits. The mean sum of squares depicts sufficient genetic variability for all morphological, yield and quality traits. The evaluation of mean performance revealed that ‘DPCaCMS-1’ was top ranked with an advantage of 25.69 % for marketable curd weight over best check ‘Palam Uphar’ followed by ‘DPCaf-29’, ‘DPCaf-US’, ‘DPCaf-CMS5’ and ‘DPCaf-W131W’ which was mainly due to significant contribution of curd polar diameter, curd equatorial diameter, leaf length, leaf width, optimum plant frame, curd solidity, curd size index, gross plant weight and net curd weight. High PCV and GCV were reported for marketable curd weight, net curd weight, stalk length, curd solidity, harvest duration, ascorbic acid and non-marketable curds. Similarly, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for gross plant weight, marketable curd weight, curd solidity, days to curd initiation, days to first marketable curd harvest, stalk length, harvest index, total soluble solids and ascorbic acid. Correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that gross plant weight, net curd weight, curd size index, curd solidity, plant frame, stalk length and harvest index could be considered as the best selection parameters for evolving high yielding genotypes. The multivariate analysis grouped different genotypes into nine clusters indicating considerable genetic diversity among the genotypes with four as monogenotypic. Molecular diversity analysis using UPGMA method indicated the presence of considerable diversity in the population as genotypes were grouped into two major and four sub-clusters. Based on morphological and molecular characterization, genotypes namely, ‘DPCaCMS-1’, ‘DPCaf US’, ‘DPCaf-W131W’, ‘DPCaf-S121’, ‘DPCaf-W4’, ‘DPCaf-29’, ‘DPCaCMS-4’, ‘DPCaf CMS5, ‘DPCaf-12-1’, ‘DPCaf-18’, ‘DPCaY-9’, ‘DPCaf-13’ and ‘DPCaY-7’ were identified as diverse and potential breeding stock to be used in future breeding programmes to either exploit heterosis or to isolate transgressive segregants with desirable horticultural traits in mid-late/late cauliflower.

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