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Open Access
Effect of phosphorus and molybdenum on soybean productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-13) Sharma, Shweta; Sharma, Sanjay K.
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2021 on soybean (Glycine max L.) at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The experiment comprised twelve treatments with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha -1 ) and 3 levels of molybdenum (0,1.0 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 ), replicated thrice in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and molybdenum application on soybean productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded better growth and yield attributes. The interaction was found to be significant on plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of pods plant-1 , root volume, number of nodules plant-1 , nodule dry weight and was found to be non significant on number of leaves plant-1 , days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds pod-1 , test weight, root dry weight and root mass density. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain (24.8 q ha-1 ) and straw yield (39.4 q ha-1 ). Similarly, application of 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (22.1 q ha -1 ), however no significant increase was seen in straw yield with increasing Mo application. Nutrient uptake (NPK and Mo) by soybean was enhanced with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . The interaction was found to be significant only in case of Mo uptake by grains. Application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 recorded higher protein content and protein yield respectively. Soil pH and organic carbon did not show any significant increase with varying P and Mo levels. Available NPK and Mo were significantly higher with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . The interaction effect was not significant on available NPK and Mo. Microbiological properties were also enhanced with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 except urease activity which was not significant with increasing Mo levels. The interaction was found to be non signicant for all the microbiological properties. Highest cost of cultivation, B:C ratio, net returns and gross returns were registered with application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 . From the present investigation it can be concluded that application of 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 2.0 kg Mo ha-1 to soybean crop was ideal for optimum higher grain yield and economic returns.
Open Access
Effect of phosphorus, boron and lime on maize productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-29) Anshudha; Sharma, Sanjay K.
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2021 on maize (Zea mays L.) at the experimental farm of the Department of Soil Science, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The experiment comprised eighteen treatments with three levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 100% of recommended P2O5 ha -1 ), 3 levels of boron (0, 1.0 and 2.0 kg B ha-1 ) and two levels of lime (0 and lime @100% of lime requirement), replicated thrice in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of phosphorus, boron and lime application on maize productivity and soil properties in an acid Alfisol. Application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 , 2.0 kg B ha-1 as well as application of lime registered better growth and yield attributes. The interactions (P × L, B × L, P × B) were significant only in the case of plant height and were not found significant on the number of cobs plant-1 , the number of rows cob-1 , cob length and test weight. Application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain (49.1 q ha-1 ) and stover yield (65.7 q ha-1 ). Similarly, the application of 2.0 kg B ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain and stover yields (47.9 and 65.5 q ha-1 , respectively). Lime application also resulted in a significant increase in both grain and stover yields (13.4 and 18.7%, respectively) over control. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K and B) by maize, protein content and protein yield were enhanced with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 , 2.0 kg B ha-1 and liming. A marked increase in soil pH was observed only with the lime application. Soil organic carbon was not affected significantly by applying varying P and B levels as well as liming. Available N, P and B were significantly higher with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 , 2.0 kg B ha-1 and lime application. However, available K was not affected significantly by the application of phosphorus and boron whereas, liming increased the available K content of soil. Microbiological properties viz., microbial count of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen also improved with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 , 2.0 kg B ha-1 and lime application except for fungal count which decreased with the lime application and soil urease activity, which recorded no significant change with B application. Despite, the highest cost of cultivation, application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and B @ 2.0 kg ha-1 along with lime has been found to be most remunerative in terms of gross and net returns, though the benefit-cost ratio was comparatively lower owing to the higher cost involved in liming. But expecting the residual effects of liming on succeeding crops, the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and B @ 2.0 kg ha-1 and liming @ 100% LR may be considered ideal for realizing higher yield and net returns.
Open Access
Effect of integrated nutrient management on maize yield, nutrients uptake and soil properties in an Alfisol
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-19) Kumari, Amrita; Dixit, SP
A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur, during kharif; 2021 to study the “Effect of integrated nutrient management on maize yield, nutrients uptake and soil properties in an Alfisol”. The soil of the experimental site, taxonomically belonged to the order Alfisol under the sub-group Typic Hapludalf, having silty clay loam in the texture, acidic in reaction, low in available N and medium in P, K and organic carbon content. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments which were replicated thrice, viz T1: Control (No fertilizer), T2: General Recommended Dose (GRD) (120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O ha 1 ),T3: Farmer’s practice (25 per cent N of GRD + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ),T4: Farmer’s practice + Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB),T5: Soil test-based fertilizer application (STB), T6: Soil test-based fertilizer application (STB) + FYM @5 t ha-1 , T7: Soil test-based fertilizer application (STB) + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + PSB, T8: Target yield 35 q ha-1 (T35), T9: Target yield 35 q ha-1 with FYM @ 5 t ha-1 , T10: Target yield 45 q ha-1 (T45), T11: Target yield 45 q ha-1 with FYM @ 5 t ha-1 . Different treatments approach positively influenced the organic carbon, soil available nutrients, crop yield and uptake of nutrients by maize, but did not show significant changes in physical properties viz. bulk density, particle density and porosity and chemical properties viz. pH. Significantly higher grain yield, stover yield and total N, P, K, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) uptake by maize were recorded in the treatment of target yield 45 q ha -1 with FYM as compared to the soil test-based fertilizer application, farmers’ practice, and general recommended doses of fertilizer. The grain yield (46.3 q ha-1 ), stover yield (77.2 q ha-1 ), total N, P, K and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) (123.6, 76.0, 92.8 kg ha-1 , 362 g ha-1 , 585 g ha-1 , 457 g ha-1 and 520 g ha-1 respectively) uptake was recorded by grain. The highest contents of organic carbon (6.95 g kg-1 ), EC (0.22 ds m-1 ), exchangeable Ca {1.78 cmol (p+) kg-1 }, Mg {0.70 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 }, DTPA-extractable micronutrients Fe (24.2 mg kg-1 ), Mn (17.9 mg kg-1 ), Cu (0.45 mg kg-1 ) and Zn (0.98 mg kg-1 ), microbial biomass carbon (101 mg g-1 ), dehydrogenase activity (4.44 g TPF g-1 hr-1 ), water holding capacity (56.6 per cent) were found in target yield of 45 q ha-1 with FYM. Soil test-based fertilizer application and 45 q ha-1 target yield without FYM treatments were having maximum B:C (2.48) and least was in farmer’s practice with PSB (1.28).
Open Access
Effect of long-term application of fertilizers and amendments on soil physical quality and crop productivity in an acid Alfisol
(Palampur, 2022-12-05) Priyanka; Sankhyan, Narender K.
The present investigation was carried out in an on-going long-term fertilizer experiment, initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur, to study the effect of long-term application of fertilizers and amendments on soil physical quality and crop productivity in an acid Alfisol under maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments. The soil of the experimental site was silt loam and classified taxonomically as “Typic Hapludalf” (Subgroup). Soil samples, collected from two depths viz., 0-0.15 and 0.15-0.30 m after the harvest of maize (kharif 2021), were analyzed for determination of different physical parameters (bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, mean weight diameter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, atterberg’s limits and infiltration rate), chemical parameters (CEC and SOC). Application of inorganic fertilizers along with FYM decreased the bulk density and increased the porosity, WHC, WSA, MWD, SHC, atterberg’s limit and infiltration rate over control. Thus, these properties showed improvement in FYM amended plots than unfertilized control plots. Grain and stover samples were also collected and analyzed to calculate nutrient uptake. Continuous application of fertilizers and amendments for forty-nine years significantly influenced the nutrient uptake and yield of maize. The treatment comprising 100 per cent NPK + FYM recorded the highest grain (64.02 q ha-1 ) and stover yield (103.21 q ha-1 ) and nutrient uptake and was at par with 100 per cent NPK + lime. Omission of S and K decreased the grain yield by 63.4 and 61.4 per cent, respectively over 100 per cent NPK, whereas, continuous application of N alone resulted in zero yield. Addition of manure or lime along with recommended dose of fertilizers improved the soil health in terms of physical and chemical properties of soil. Different soil physical properties were significantly and positively correlated with nutrient uptake and grain and stover yield of maize except bulk density which was negatively correlated.
Open Access
Effect of phosphorus management practices on wheat productivity and soil health in an acid Alfisol
(palampur, 2022-10-15) Ranjha, Rewangini; Singh, Dhanbir
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus management practices on wheat productivity and soil health in an acid Alfisol at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during rabi 2021-22. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam and classified taxonomically as “Typic Hapludalf”. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with nine treatments. Agronomical parameters were recorded periodically during the experiment. At a time of crop harvest, grain and straw yields were recorded and nutrient content along with their uptake by the crop were examined after the plant analysis. Soil samples were collected from surface layer (0 - 0.15 m depth) and were analyzed for different soil physico- chemical and biological properties. Correlation and economic analysis were also worked out during the research period. Results of the study revealed that integrated application of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) along with chemical fertilizers i.e., 100 % NK + 50 % P + 1.5 t PROM ha-1 treatment recorded highest growth and yield attributes, better root growth, maximum yield, highest crude protein content, nutrients content (P, K and Mg) in grains and total uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) by the crop. Available N and P were also recorded highest in this treatment. Soil properties like water holding capacity, SOC, CEC, DTPA extractable micronutrient cations and microbial biomass carbon were significantly enhanced and recorded maximum under 100 % NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1 treatment, followed by treatments comprising combined application of PROM and chemical fertilizers over individual application of chemical fertilizers and control. Whereas, phosphatase activity was observed highest under 100 % NK + 3 t PROM ha-1 treatment. Application of 100 % NPK + lime also significantly enhanced Ca content in wheat grain, exchangeable Ca and Mg content in the soil and increased the soil pH. A significant and positive correlation was recorded for crop yield, nutrient uptake and protein content with different soil health parameters, while, bulk density was found to be negatively correlated. Among different treatments, highest B:C ratio was recorded under 100 % NK + 75 % P + 0.75 t ha-1 PROM treatment and lowest under 100 % NPK + lime. Hence, there was a notable effect of phosphorus management practices on the productivity, quality, uptake of nutrients by wheat crop and soil properties in an acid Alfisol, with 100 % NK + 50 % P + 1.5 t PROM ha-1 as the best treatment in the study
Open Access
Productivity and soil quality assessment in maize-wheat system under zero budget natural farming
(palampur, 2022-10-13) Thakur, Praveen; Paliyal, Sukhdev S.
The present study on “Productivity and soil quality assessment in maize-wheat system under zero budget natural farming” was carried out during 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the experimental farm of CSKHPKV-Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour (H.P.), India. The efficient utilization of available resources at farm and the restriction of their use in zero budget natural farming (ZBNF), warrant the need to study the soil quality and crop productivity under ZBNF system. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the soil quality in maize-wheat system using ZBNF components along with farm yard manure (FYM). The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three factors (jeevamrit concentration, interval of its application and FYM) along with control. There were two levels of jeevamrit concentration [5% (J1) and 10% (J2)], two levels of interval of its application [15 days (I1) and 30 days (I2)] and three levels of FYM doses [0 t ha-1 (F1), 5 t ha-1 (F2) and 10 t ha-1 (F3)]. The soil samples at 0-0.15 m depth from each plot were collected before sowing as well as after harvest of the both crops and were analyzed for soil chemical properties such as pH, electric conductivity, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, macronutrient content (N, P and K), secondary nutrient content (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient content (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo), physical properties (bulk density, mean weight diameter, saturated hydraulic conductivity and plant available water), biological properties (microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and microbial count). The results revealed that growth and yield attributes of both maize + blackgram and wheat + chickpea were increased with application of higher concentration of jeevamrit (J2) at 15 days interval along with higher dose of FYM (F3). Maize grain equivalent yield with jeevamrit (J2) at 15 days interval+10 t FYM ha-1 treatment increased upto 4.71% during 2018 and 8.42% during 2019 whereas wheat grain-equivalent yield decreased upto 4.17% during 2018-19 and 0.47 % during 2019-20, over control (RDF). Soil physical, chemical and biological parameters were improved significantly under zero budget natural farming and these properties improved further when FYM was applied along with ZBNF component over RDF. Available nutrient status in soil under RDF treated plots showed slight decrease from initial value, however the plots treated with higher concentration of zero budget natural farming components along with higher dose of FYM showed significant increase from rest of the treatments. The SQI under maize and wheat crop ranged from 2.60 to 3.67 and 2.56 to 3.71, respectively and the highest was observed under T6 (J2I1F3). The maximum nutrient uptake in both crops and its concentration in their grain was found with higher concentration of jeevamrit at 15 days interval along with 10 t FYM ha-1 , whereas the lowest were recorded with lower concentration of jeevamrit at 30 days interval without FYM.
Open Access
Effect of fertilizers, FYM and lime on organic matter fractions and maize productivity in an acid Alfisol
(palampur, 2022-09-26) Mohapatra, Ankita; Sharma, R. P.
The present investigation was conducted during kharif 2021 to study the effect of fertilizers, FYM and lime on organic matter fractions and maize productivity at the Research Farm of the Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur in the on-going experiment which is in progress since kharif 2019. The experiment was laid out with eleven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design. The soil of the study area was silt loam in texture and taxonomically classified as Typic Hapludalf. The grain and stover yield of maize was recorded and the yield attributes (test weight, number of grains per cob, cob weight and shelling percentage) were recorded after the harvest of maize. The content of primary (N, P and K) and secondary nutrients (S, Ca and Mg) were determined in grain and stover and uptake was calculated. Grain samples were also analyzed for quality parameters. Soil samples were collected from 0 - 0.15 m depth after the harvest of maize (kharif 2021). Soil samples were analyzed for different physical (BD and WHC), chemical (pH, SOC, CEC, available N, P, K and S and exchangeable Ca and Mg) and active organic matter fractions, viz., WS-OC, WS-CHO, SMBC, SMBN and SMBP using standard methods. Relationship of different organic matter fractions with maize yield and available nutrients was worked out through simple correlation analysis. Combined use of FYM and/or lime along with chemical fertilizers improved the active organic matter fractions, soil properties significantly over 100 per cent NPK alone and control. Integrated application of fertilizers with FYM and lime increased yield attributes, grain and stover yield of maize, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of maize grains significantly over the sole application of fertilizers. The highest grain (59.4 q ha-1 ) and stover (90.8 q ha-1 ) yield of maize was recorded in the treatment comprising 100% NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1 + lime incorporation @ 100% LR (T8) which was at par with 100% NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1 + lime incorporation @ 1/10th LR in furrow (T10) (54.2 and 85.3 q ha-1 , respectively) demonstrating that the dose of lime can be reduced to 1/10th by furrow application without any significant reduction in yield. Soil organic matter fractions were significantly and positively correlated with yield and available nutrients.
Open Access
Determination of nutrient requirement, contributions from soil and fertilizers for evolving integrated fertilizer prescription equations in pea in an acid Alfisol
(Palampur, 2022-01-31) Sharma, Namrata; Datt, Naveen
The present investigation was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The soil of the experimental site was Typic Hapludalf, silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen (N), high in available phosphorus (P) and medium in available potassium (K) at the initiation of the experiment. The experiment was conducted as per the technical programme and methodology of AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In first phase soil fertility gradient was developed by dividing experimental field into three equal strips and applying graded doses of fertilizers in these strips and growing of exhaust crop fodder Maize. In the second phase i.e. next season test crop pea (var. Palam triloki) was grown by dividing each strip into 24 plots having 21 treated and 3 controlled. Response to selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t/ha), four levels of N (0, 27.5, 55 and 82.5 kg N ha-1 , four levels of P (0, 35, 70 and 105 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and four levels of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O ha-1 ) at different fertility levels of pea was studied. The values of the Alkaline KMnO4 extractable N ranged from 195 to 267 kg ha-1 , Olsen’s P ranged from 9.9 to 35.2 kg ha-1 and neutral normal NH4OAc extractable K ranged from 141 to 210 kg ha-1 in the experimental field. The total uptake of N, P and K by pea ranged from 57.4 to 203.7, 2.64 to 14.1 and 30.5 to 130.7 kg ha-1 , respectively. In the present investigation the fresh grain yield ranged from 53.3 to 206.6 q ha-1 and dry matter yield of grain ranged from 13.25 to 51.35 q ha-1 . The nutrient requirement for production of one quintal of grain yield of pea was found to be 1.08 kg N, 0.06 kg P and 0.63 kg K. Percent contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 33.3, 20.1 and 24.4 from soil, whereas from FYM was 12.2, 4.93 and 19.2 percent. Contribution from fertilizer as a percentage was 64.2, 9.67 and 73.4, using with FYM for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Fertilizer adjustment equations developed for conjoint use of fertilizers with the help of basic data are: FN= 3.44 T - 1.06 SN - 0.38 ON, FP= 1.56 T - 5.36 SP - 1.22 OP, FK= 1.72 T - 0.67 SK - 0.49 OK.
Open Access
:Effect of irrigation and tillage on water productivity and soil health in maize-wheat sequence under zero budget natural farming systems
(Palampur, 2021-12-30) Jaswal, Richa; Sandal, Sanjeev K.
The present study was conducted at experimental farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2018-20 in maize -wheat cropping sequence with the objectives of evaluating the effect of irrigation and tillage under zero budget natural farming systems on soil and plant water content, total water use and water productivity, plant shoot and root growth and crop productivity and soil nutrient status, hydro-physical properties and microbial biomass. The treatments comprised of, T1: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T2: No irrigation to maize and 4 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T3: No irrigation to maize and 2 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T4: No irrigation to maize and wheat grown with conventional tillage and ZBNF, T5: No irrigation to maize and wheat grown with minimum tillage + lantana mulch and ZBNF, T6: No irrigation to maize + soybean and 6 cm irrigation to wheat + gram gown with conventional tillage grown and ZBNF, T7: No irrigation to maize + soybean and wheat + gram grown with minimum tillage + lantana mulch and ZBNF, T8: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and organic farming and T9: No irrigation to maize and 6 cm irrigation to wheat grown with conventional tillage and no manure application (Absolute control) were imposed in a randomized block design replicated four times. The results indicated that the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch with (T7) or without (T5) intercropping of soybean/ gram resulted in higher soil and relative leaf water content, improved shoot and root growth and higher crop and water productivity with higher nutrient uptake in comparison to the conventional tillage and no mulch under rainfed conditions. Further, the treatments with 6 cm irrigation applied (T1, T6, T8) in wheat resulted in higher soil and relative leaf water content in comparison to the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch (T5 and T7). The treatments of minimum tillage with mulch (T5 and T7) resulted in increase in organic carbon, improvement in hydro-physical properties and increased microbial count in comparison to the conventional tillage and no mulch. The study concluded that the treatments of minimum tillage with mulch with or without intercropping of soybean/ gram resulted in higher crop and water productivity compared to conventional tillage with no mulch under ZBNF systems.

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