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Open Access
SULPHUR DYNAMICS AND ITS CRITICAL LIMITS FOR FRENCH BEAN AND CAULIFLOWER IN ACIDIC SOILS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Gourav; Sankhyan, N. K.
Sulphur is best known for its essentiality and vitality in crop production, but due to its widespread deficiency, it is imperative to study its transformations in acidic soils. In the present investigation, 500 soil samples were collected randomly from cultivated acidic soils of Himachal Pradesh, as identified during previous surveys conducted by Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur. Processed soil samples were analyzed for pH, soil texture and available sulphur. Five soil profiles were also selected randomly to study the vertical distribution of S. The transformation of sulphur with externally added elemental sulphur was studied in twenty one incubated soil samples, which varied in pH and texture. Further, 10 locations were selectedthat varied in pH, clay content and available S to study the response and to establish critical limits of S for french bean and cauliflower; furthermore the detailed experiment was conductedin pots under glasshouse. In study area, textural class, pH (1:2.5) and available sulphur ranged from loamy sand to clay, 4.23 to 7.00 (extremely acidic to neutral) and 11 to 65 kg ha-1 (deficient to sufficient) respectively. Around 35 per cent of the soil samples were found deficient in available sulphur. Available S exhibited a significant positive correlation with clay and silt, whereas significantnegative correlation was found with sand and pH. All the S fractions (sulphate-S, water soluble-S, heat soluble-S, organic-S and total-S) increased with incubation of soil samples and added elemental S. The highest content of these S fractions were obtained with the application of 80 kg S ha-1. Sole incubation of soil for thirty days without the addition of S, increased all the S fractions except organic-S. Contents of all the S fractions in soils increased with increase in clay and decreased with increase in pH of soil. In soil profiles study, all the S fractions decreased with increase in depth and highest contents of all the S fractions were found in surface layer. Sulphur fractions followed the order as total-S>organic-S>heat soluble-S>sulphate-S>water soluble-S. French bean and cauliflower responded significantly to the S application. Highest yield and yield attributes were obtained with the application of 40 kg S ha-1 in both the crops. However, the green pod yield in french bean at 30 kg S ha-1 was statistically at par with 40 kg S ha-1. Critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in soil were found to be 9.5 mg kg-1 and 10.5 mg kg-1, respectively. Whereas, the critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in plantswere found to be 0.103 per cent and 0.337 per cent sulphur, respectively.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND PROTECTED AGRICULTURE
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 24-07-18) Shabnam; Sharma, Sanjay K.
Protected cultivation is gaining momentum especially for vegetable cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. Therefore the present study was undertaken to assess the soil quality inside polyhouses vis a vis under conventional cultivation so as to ascertain the effect of intensive cropping and the management practices being followed by farmers under these two systems. The main objectives of this study were to assess the effect of conventional and protected systems of farming on soil quality and to study N, P and K dynamics under conventional and protected systems of farming. To accomplish this, 25 sites of district Kangra were selected. All the required physical, chemical and biological parameters of soil quality were analysed and key indicators were identified using multivariate statistical analysis for computing the soil quality index. Wide variations in the soil health indicators were observed among different sites. Likewise, differences existed in the quality indicators between the samples from the protected and open conditions at number of sites. Higher salt accumulation (EC) was observed under protected conditions as compared to conventional system, though the differences in other properties were only conspicuous for some of the parameters. Among different nitrogen fractions, amino acid-N was the dominant fraction and contributed about 25 and 30% towards total-N and total hydrolysable-N, respectively. In case of P fractions, inorganic fractions constituted about 84.2% of total P. Water soluble-K, Exchangeable-K and non exchangeable-K contributed about 0.12, 0.59 and 3.05% towards total-K, respectively. As per multivariate statistical analysis techniques,organic carbon (OC), soil pH, EC, MWD and total K were found to be the most important indicators contributing towards soil quality.The mean soil qualityindex (SQI) values in Baijnath, Bhedu-Mahadev, Bhawarna, Kangra and Dharamshala blocks were 0.852, 0.816, 0.722, 0.823 and 0.794, respectively under protected cultivation. Similarly the SQI for the respective sites was computed as 0.762, 0.741, 0.759, 0.765 and 0.773 under conventional system. Overall significantly higher soil quality index was observed under protected system (0.815) as compared to the conventional cultivation (0.760). However, at two sites SQI score was lower under protected conditions than conventional cultivation. Higher gross returns were observed under protected system as compared to conventional system due to comparatively higher production. Also higher concentrations of macro as well micronutrients were observed in plant samples grown under protected system.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF BORON FORMS IN SOME CULTIVATED SOILS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 24-07-18) Nazir, Gazala; Sharma, V.K.
Understanding the spatial distribution of various forms of boron in soils helps in predicting its short- and long-term availability for sustainable crop production. In the present investigation, 202 surface soil samples, representing major soils (Alfisols, Entisols & Inceptisols) and land use types were collected from Outer and Lesser Himalayan regions of Himachal Pradesh to study the spatial distribution of B forms vis-à-vis their relationship with important soil properties. The soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth from cultivated soils under maize-wheat, paddy-wheat, vegetable-based & sugarcane-based cropping sequences and at 0-30 cm depth from tea gardens & orchards of mango, mandarin, apple etc. and analyzed for important soil properties and B forms using standard methods. The depth-wise distribution of those soil attributes and B forms (at 0-15, 15-30 & 30-60 cm) was also studied in the selected soils. Sand (%), silt (%), clay (%), textural class, soil pH (1:2.5), electrical conductivity (μS cm-1), organic carbon (g kg-1), cation exchange capacity {cmol(p+) kg-1}, base saturation (%) and calcium carbonate (%) in cultivated soils of Himachal Pradesh ranged from 25 to 80, 12 to 45, 6 to 32, loamy sand to clay loam, 5.2 to 7.8 (slightly acid to slightly alkaline), 40 to 372, 2.8 to 22.0, 4.1 to 16.4, 48 to 77 and 0.05 to 2.20, respectively. As regards available nutrient status, soils were medium in available N & K, low in available P & S, high in available Ca & Mg, sufficient in available Cu, Fe & Mn and deficient to sufficient in available Zn and B. Per cent soil samples deficient in N, P, S, Zn and B were 18, 45, 44, 36 and 55, respectively. Such a spatial variation in soil properties and fertility status may be explained in the light of pedo-genesis and prevailing nutrient management practices. Water soluble, exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, oxide occluded, organically bound, residual and total boron in cultivated soils ranged from 0.104 to 0.389, 0.128 to 0.393, 0.215 to 0.680, 0.567 to 2.13, 0.79 to 2.65, 20.04 to 53.16 and 22.0 to 59.14 mg kg-1 with mean values of 0.218, 0.231, 0.402, 1.26, 1.46, 34.09 and 37.67 mg kg-1, respectively. On an average, water soluble, exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, oxide occluded, organically bound and residual B constituted about 0.58, 0.61, 1.07, 3.34, 3.86 and 90.6 per cent of total B, respectively. As regards depth-wise distribution, surface soils were found rich in available and potentially available reserves of B as compared to sub-surface soils. Irrespective of land use types and soils, there were significant and positive correlations between different chemical pools of B, indicating the existence of dynamic equilibrium among them. Among all soil properties, clay, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity exhibited better correlations with each form of B. The step-wise multiple regression analysis showed that organic carbon contributed largely to different pools of boron. Soils deficient in available B had lower content of each form of B as compared to those, sufficient in available B. Further, soils with lower values of clay, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity contained less amount of soil B in each pool as compared to soils higher in these soil attributes. Therefore, former soils require relatively more attention on B mangement as compared to latter ones for sustaining soil productivity.
Open Access
STUDIES ON NITROGEN CONTRIBUTION IN RICE GROWN UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 25-07-17) BAKTASH, ABDUL MATEEN; Datt, Naveen
Azolla was grown in pots and trays in the month of February, 2016 under laboratory and field condition. Azolla was also grown in the field by making trenches (2m × 2m × 0.2m) in the month of March, 2016 and was evaluated for its biomass production in the subsequent months up to October, 2016 and has a potential of 19 t ha-1 and was also analyzed for manurial content. Azolla has nitrogen fixation rate (13.94 n moles C2H4g-1 Dwt min-1), total carbon (35 %), and total nitrogen (4.1 %), C: N ratio (9.56), protein content (25.62 %), P (1.1 %), K (4.5 %), Ca (0.20 %), Mg (0.21 %) ,S (0.49 %), Zn (38 mg kg-1), Fe (3900 mg kg-1), Mn (762 mg kg-1) and Cu (16 mg kg-1). An experiment was conducted at Water Management Farm, CSKHPKV, Palampur by taking rice crop during kharif, 2016 to study the effect of Azolla alone and in combination with graded doses of fertilizer nitrogen by taking twelve treatments and three replications in randomized block design. The soil sample before sowing of crop was taken and was analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological properties. The representative soil was having texture silty clay loam, pH 5.5, cation exchange capacity 8.50 cmol (p+) kg-1, organic carbon 8.70 g kg-1, available N, P and K 377.5 kg ha-1, 17.8 kg ha-1 and 159.5 kg ha-1 respectively, microbial biomass carbon 113.6 μg g-1, urease activity 4.12 μg g-1 min-1 and phytase activity 0.34 μg inorganic P solid g-1 hr-1. The yield attributes of the crop were recorded, highest plant height was found in 50 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla, number of tillers m-2 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla and effective tillers m-2 were observed in treatment having 100 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla and highest grains per panicle was recorded in treatment having 125 kg N ha-1 +4 t Azolla. The highest grain and straw yield was recorded in treatment having 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla. After the harvest of crop, soil samples from each plot were taken from the depth of 0-0.15 m and analyzed for chemical, microbiological and physical properties of soil. The results revealed that an increase in pH (5.57) was observed with application of Azolla and fertilizer nitrogen combinedly. Maximum organic carbon (8.90 g kg -1) and the highest CEC [8.73 cmol (p+) kg-1] were found in treatment 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla 1; available N (402.8 kg ha-1), P (18.87 kg ha-1) and K (169.4 kg ha-1) were recorded in treatment 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla. Highest microbial biomass carbon (113.6 μg g-1) was found in treatment 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla. Phytase (0.68 μg inorganic P solid g-1 hr-1) and urease (17.34 μg g-1 min-1) activity was significantly higher in treatments with 4 t or 8 t Azolla in combination with graded doses of fertilizer nitrogen than fertilizer nitrogen alone and 4 t Azolla alone. Total N, P, K content and NPK uptake was found maximum in the treatment 125 kg N ha-1 + 8 t Azolla. Build up of N was found in the treatments having 4 t Azolla, 8 t Azolla, whereas K build up was found in 100 and 125 kg nitrogen, 4 t Azolla, 100 kg N ha-1 + 4 t Azolla and 125 kg N ha-1 + 4 t Azolla . It was concluded that 50 and 100 kg of nitrogen ha-1 can be saved with the application of 4 t and 8 t Azolla ha-1. ________________________ _____________________ (Abdul Mateen Baktahs) Student Date: 25th,July, 2017 (Dr. Naveen Datt) Major Advisor Date: 25th,July, 2017 ___________________ Head
Open Access
EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL
(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2016-04) Kapoor, Renu; Sandal, Sanjeev.K.
ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer‟s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected condition
Open Access
EVALUATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FERTILIZER AS FOLIAR SPRAY FOR TOMATO-PEA SEQUENCE UNDER MID-HILL SUB-HUMID ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2017-01) JARYAL, NAVNEET; Parmar, D.K.
ABSTRACT The application of water soluble fertilizers as a foliar spray is an important crop management strategy, which may help maximizing crop yield and produce quality. The primary objective of the present study entitled “Evaluation and standardization of water soluble fertilizer as foliar spray for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh” was to assess the effects of foliar fertilization at different rates and time intervals on tomato-pea sequence. The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive seasons (2013-14 and 2014-15) at Research Farm of Hill Agricultural Research & Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. The experimental treatments consisted two rates of soil applied NPK fertilizers, three foliar sprays of NPK fertilizer (19:19:19) and foliar spray of NPK at two intervals. One separate control treatment with soil application of 100% NPK fertilizers was also carried out to compare with other treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The state level cultural practices were adopted for raising the crops. The results of the present study showed that the mean economic yield, net monetary returns and B:C ratio (168.4q ha-1, 1,83,243 Rs ha-1 and 1.61 in pea; 201.9 q ha-1, 1,76,108 Rs ha-1 and 1.54 in tomato) were the maximum due to application of NPK @ 100% as compared to 75% NPK. The data also demonstrated that 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) in comparison to 0.5% and 1.0% spray, recorded higher mean economic yield, net returns and B:C (171.5 q ha-1, 1,86,792 Rs ha-1 and 1.62 in pea; 205.6 q ha-1, 1,81,270 Rs ha-1 and 1.57 in tomato). Further, it was observed that foliar spray of NPK at 15 days interval had maximum mean economic yield (166.6 q ha-1 in pea; 200.3 q ha-1 in tomato). However, NPK spray applied at 15 and 30 days interval did not influence mean net returns and B:C ratio. The results also indicated that application of fertilizers at different rates, concentration and intervals exhibited a significant influence on different parameters like growth and yield components, nutrient content and produce quality in pea and tomato crop. However, treatments did not show any significant effect on soil properties except N, P and K availability in soil, which was influenced following application of NPK in soil and maximum build- up of these nutrients, was noticed with 100% NPK application. The positive interactions among treatments for few parameters were also observed during the current study. The results of this study also indicated very high positive inter-relations among different soil and plant parameters. Therefore, based on the net monetary returns and cost benefit ratio obtained in current investigation, the soil application of 100% NPK in conjunction with 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) performed at 30 days interval is encouraged for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill and sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-04) Kapoor, RENU; Sandal, Sanjeev K.
ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer’s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected conditions.
Open Access
EFFECT OF VEGETATIVE BARRIERS AND IMPROVED FORAGE SPECIES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF DEGRADED GRASSLAND
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-06) KUMAR, SUNIL; Kumar, Naveen
Effect of vegetative barriers and improved forage species on productivity of degraded grassland was studied during Kharif 2013 and Kharif 2014 in an ongoing experiment from Kharif 2010, at Research Farm of Fodder Section, Department of Crop Improvement, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur with a view to assess the effect of vegetative barriers viz., napier bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum L. x P. americanum L.), setaria grass (Setaria anceps L.) and no vegetative barrier in main plot and forage species viz., setaria grass, stylosanthes (Stylosanthes scabra L.), setaria grass + stylosanthes and existing forage species in sub plot on forage yield, quality, soil moisture content, chemical properties of soil and economics under degraded grassland conditions. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture; medium in organic carbon and low in available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Forage species in sole stand as well as in the grass + legume mixture had taller plants, more number of shoots and better leaf stem ratio under different vegetative barriers. Setaria grass as vegetative barrier produced 87.69 and 88.49 per cent more green and dry fodder yields, respectively over no vegetative barrier. The respective increase by vegetative barrier of napier bajra hybrid was 76.60 and 81.55 per cent. Setaria grass + stylosanthes produced 25.42, 87.51 and 92.29 per cent more green fodder yield over setaria grass, stylosanthes and existing forage species, respectively, with respective increase of 11.75, 70.55 and 118.86 per cent in dry fodder yield. Higher net monetary returns of Rs. 23562 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 1.82 was obtained in vegetative barrier of setaria grass and followed by vegetative barrier of napier bajra hybrid. Setaria grass grown with stylosanthes resulted in significantly higher net returns of Rs. 28229 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.03. Better crude protein content, crude protein yield, calcium and magnesium contents and lower acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre contents were observed in improved forage species. Setaria grass + stylosanthes also resulted in higher microbial biomass carbon content build up in the soil. Vegetative barriers as well as improved forage species helped to conserve the soil moisture content appreciably under degraded grassland conditions
Open Access
SOIL PLANT WATER DYNAMICS AND SOIL HEALTH AS AFFECTED BY NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER GRAM MAIZE CROPPING SEQUENCE
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) DHIMAN, SHILVA; Dubey, Y.P.
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted at the farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2013-16 by taking gram-maize cropping sequence. There were three tillage treatments i.e. conservation tillage, conventional tillage and no tillage; and three nutrient management practices i.e. organic management, integrated management and RDF management (inorganic). Gram and maize was taken as main crops and wheat was grown with gram crop without any tillage practice i.e. integrated and RDF management. Aerobic and anaerobic composts were used in crop as soil application and for top dressing. The organic management with conventional tillage was found to be significantly superior with rest of the treatment combinations on yield attributes, symbiotic parameters and yield of gram in all the three years. The major constraints to grow gram at Palampur was the attack of root rot disease. The disease incidence was reduced through organic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The yield attributes and yield of maize was better in integrated management in first year and in organic management in second year. The conventional tillage in both the years registered significant impact on yield and yield attributes of maize. The yield and yield attributes was better in gram-maize cropping sequence than wheat-maize cropping sequence under integrated and RDF management. The protein and carbohydrate content of gram and maize in both seed and straw was found to be higher in organic management with conventional tillage. The nutrient content and uptake of nutrients was the highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage in all the crop growth stages in gram and at harvest whereas in maize it was the highest in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage. The RLWC (Relative Leaf Water Content), LSC (Leaf Saturation Curve) and volumetric soil moisture content was recorded highest in organic management with conventional tillage in both gram and maize. All the physical properties except available water and SPR (Soil Penetration Resistance) were found to be higher in inorganic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The chemical properties i.e. pH, OC, total nitrogen and total phosphorus was found to be highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage whereas available N, P and K was found to be significantly higher in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage in both surface and subsurface soil. The ammonical nitrogen in both surface and subsurface soil was found to be highest in inorganic nutrient management with conservation tillage whereas the nitrate nitrogen in both surface and subsurface soil was found to be higher in inorganic management with conventional tillage. The physical properties i.e. particle density, WHC (Water Holding Capacity), FC (Field Capacity), PWP (Permanent Wilting Point), AW (Available Water) and WSA (Water Stable Aggregates) were significantly and positively correlated with chemical and biological properties whereas SPR and ammonical nitrogen were negatively correlated. All the chemical properties were positively correlated with soil physical and biological properties except SPR and pore space. All the biological properties were positively and significantly correlated with physical and chemical properties except SPR, ammonical nitrogen and pore space. The physical, chemical and biological properties were generally positively correlated with each other except few parameters i.e. SPR, Ammonical nitrogen and pore space at both the depths.

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