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Open Access
SULPHUR DYNAMICS AND ITS CRITICAL LIMITS FOR FRENCH BEAN AND CAULIFLOWER IN ACIDIC SOILS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH.
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Gourav; Sankhyan, N. K.
Sulphur is best known for its essentiality and vitality in crop production, but due to its widespread deficiency, it is imperative to study its transformations in acidic soils. In the present investigation, 500 soil samples were collected randomly from cultivated acidic soils of Himachal Pradesh, as identified during previous surveys conducted by Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV Palampur. Processed soil samples were analyzed for pH, soil texture and available sulphur. Five soil profiles were also selected randomly to study the vertical distribution of S. The transformation of sulphur with externally added elemental sulphur was studied in twenty one incubated soil samples, which varied in pH and texture. Further, 10 locations were selectedthat varied in pH, clay content and available S to study the response and to establish critical limits of S for french bean and cauliflower; furthermore the detailed experiment was conductedin pots under glasshouse. In study area, textural class, pH (1:2.5) and available sulphur ranged from loamy sand to clay, 4.23 to 7.00 (extremely acidic to neutral) and 11 to 65 kg ha-1 (deficient to sufficient) respectively. Around 35 per cent of the soil samples were found deficient in available sulphur. Available S exhibited a significant positive correlation with clay and silt, whereas significantnegative correlation was found with sand and pH. All the S fractions (sulphate-S, water soluble-S, heat soluble-S, organic-S and total-S) increased with incubation of soil samples and added elemental S. The highest content of these S fractions were obtained with the application of 80 kg S ha-1. Sole incubation of soil for thirty days without the addition of S, increased all the S fractions except organic-S. Contents of all the S fractions in soils increased with increase in clay and decreased with increase in pH of soil. In soil profiles study, all the S fractions decreased with increase in depth and highest contents of all the S fractions were found in surface layer. Sulphur fractions followed the order as total-S>organic-S>heat soluble-S>sulphate-S>water soluble-S. French bean and cauliflower responded significantly to the S application. Highest yield and yield attributes were obtained with the application of 40 kg S ha-1 in both the crops. However, the green pod yield in french bean at 30 kg S ha-1 was statistically at par with 40 kg S ha-1. Critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in soil were found to be 9.5 mg kg-1 and 10.5 mg kg-1, respectively. Whereas, the critical limits for french bean and cauliflower in plantswere found to be 0.103 per cent and 0.337 per cent sulphur, respectively.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL
(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2016-04) Kapoor, Renu; Sandal, Sanjeev.K.
ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer‟s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected condition
Open Access
EVALUATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FERTILIZER AS FOLIAR SPRAY FOR TOMATO-PEA SEQUENCE UNDER MID-HILL SUB-HUMID ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2017-01) JARYAL, NAVNEET; Parmar, D.K.
ABSTRACT The application of water soluble fertilizers as a foliar spray is an important crop management strategy, which may help maximizing crop yield and produce quality. The primary objective of the present study entitled “Evaluation and standardization of water soluble fertilizer as foliar spray for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh” was to assess the effects of foliar fertilization at different rates and time intervals on tomato-pea sequence. The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive seasons (2013-14 and 2014-15) at Research Farm of Hill Agricultural Research & Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. The experimental treatments consisted two rates of soil applied NPK fertilizers, three foliar sprays of NPK fertilizer (19:19:19) and foliar spray of NPK at two intervals. One separate control treatment with soil application of 100% NPK fertilizers was also carried out to compare with other treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The state level cultural practices were adopted for raising the crops. The results of the present study showed that the mean economic yield, net monetary returns and B:C ratio (168.4q ha-1, 1,83,243 Rs ha-1 and 1.61 in pea; 201.9 q ha-1, 1,76,108 Rs ha-1 and 1.54 in tomato) were the maximum due to application of NPK @ 100% as compared to 75% NPK. The data also demonstrated that 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) in comparison to 0.5% and 1.0% spray, recorded higher mean economic yield, net returns and B:C (171.5 q ha-1, 1,86,792 Rs ha-1 and 1.62 in pea; 205.6 q ha-1, 1,81,270 Rs ha-1 and 1.57 in tomato). Further, it was observed that foliar spray of NPK at 15 days interval had maximum mean economic yield (166.6 q ha-1 in pea; 200.3 q ha-1 in tomato). However, NPK spray applied at 15 and 30 days interval did not influence mean net returns and B:C ratio. The results also indicated that application of fertilizers at different rates, concentration and intervals exhibited a significant influence on different parameters like growth and yield components, nutrient content and produce quality in pea and tomato crop. However, treatments did not show any significant effect on soil properties except N, P and K availability in soil, which was influenced following application of NPK in soil and maximum build- up of these nutrients, was noticed with 100% NPK application. The positive interactions among treatments for few parameters were also observed during the current study. The results of this study also indicated very high positive inter-relations among different soil and plant parameters. Therefore, based on the net monetary returns and cost benefit ratio obtained in current investigation, the soil application of 100% NPK in conjunction with 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) performed at 30 days interval is encouraged for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill and sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-04) Kapoor, RENU; Sandal, Sanjeev K.
ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer’s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected conditions.
Open Access
EFFECT OF VEGETATIVE BARRIERS AND IMPROVED FORAGE SPECIES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF DEGRADED GRASSLAND
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-06) KUMAR, SUNIL; Kumar, Naveen
Effect of vegetative barriers and improved forage species on productivity of degraded grassland was studied during Kharif 2013 and Kharif 2014 in an ongoing experiment from Kharif 2010, at Research Farm of Fodder Section, Department of Crop Improvement, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur with a view to assess the effect of vegetative barriers viz., napier bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum L. x P. americanum L.), setaria grass (Setaria anceps L.) and no vegetative barrier in main plot and forage species viz., setaria grass, stylosanthes (Stylosanthes scabra L.), setaria grass + stylosanthes and existing forage species in sub plot on forage yield, quality, soil moisture content, chemical properties of soil and economics under degraded grassland conditions. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture; medium in organic carbon and low in available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Forage species in sole stand as well as in the grass + legume mixture had taller plants, more number of shoots and better leaf stem ratio under different vegetative barriers. Setaria grass as vegetative barrier produced 87.69 and 88.49 per cent more green and dry fodder yields, respectively over no vegetative barrier. The respective increase by vegetative barrier of napier bajra hybrid was 76.60 and 81.55 per cent. Setaria grass + stylosanthes produced 25.42, 87.51 and 92.29 per cent more green fodder yield over setaria grass, stylosanthes and existing forage species, respectively, with respective increase of 11.75, 70.55 and 118.86 per cent in dry fodder yield. Higher net monetary returns of Rs. 23562 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 1.82 was obtained in vegetative barrier of setaria grass and followed by vegetative barrier of napier bajra hybrid. Setaria grass grown with stylosanthes resulted in significantly higher net returns of Rs. 28229 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.03. Better crude protein content, crude protein yield, calcium and magnesium contents and lower acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre contents were observed in improved forage species. Setaria grass + stylosanthes also resulted in higher microbial biomass carbon content build up in the soil. Vegetative barriers as well as improved forage species helped to conserve the soil moisture content appreciably under degraded grassland conditions
Open Access
SOIL PLANT WATER DYNAMICS AND SOIL HEALTH AS AFFECTED BY NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER GRAM MAIZE CROPPING SEQUENCE
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) DHIMAN, SHILVA; Dubey, Y.P.
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted at the farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2013-16 by taking gram-maize cropping sequence. There were three tillage treatments i.e. conservation tillage, conventional tillage and no tillage; and three nutrient management practices i.e. organic management, integrated management and RDF management (inorganic). Gram and maize was taken as main crops and wheat was grown with gram crop without any tillage practice i.e. integrated and RDF management. Aerobic and anaerobic composts were used in crop as soil application and for top dressing. The organic management with conventional tillage was found to be significantly superior with rest of the treatment combinations on yield attributes, symbiotic parameters and yield of gram in all the three years. The major constraints to grow gram at Palampur was the attack of root rot disease. The disease incidence was reduced through organic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The yield attributes and yield of maize was better in integrated management in first year and in organic management in second year. The conventional tillage in both the years registered significant impact on yield and yield attributes of maize. The yield and yield attributes was better in gram-maize cropping sequence than wheat-maize cropping sequence under integrated and RDF management. The protein and carbohydrate content of gram and maize in both seed and straw was found to be higher in organic management with conventional tillage. The nutrient content and uptake of nutrients was the highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage in all the crop growth stages in gram and at harvest whereas in maize it was the highest in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage. The RLWC (Relative Leaf Water Content), LSC (Leaf Saturation Curve) and volumetric soil moisture content was recorded highest in organic management with conventional tillage in both gram and maize. All the physical properties except available water and SPR (Soil Penetration Resistance) were found to be higher in inorganic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The chemical properties i.e. pH, OC, total nitrogen and total phosphorus was found to be highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage whereas available N, P and K was found to be significantly higher in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage in both surface and subsurface soil. The ammonical nitrogen in both surface and subsurface soil was found to be highest in inorganic nutrient management with conservation tillage whereas the nitrate nitrogen in both surface and subsurface soil was found to be higher in inorganic management with conventional tillage. The physical properties i.e. particle density, WHC (Water Holding Capacity), FC (Field Capacity), PWP (Permanent Wilting Point), AW (Available Water) and WSA (Water Stable Aggregates) were significantly and positively correlated with chemical and biological properties whereas SPR and ammonical nitrogen were negatively correlated. All the chemical properties were positively correlated with soil physical and biological properties except SPR and pore space. All the biological properties were positively and significantly correlated with physical and chemical properties except SPR, ammonical nitrogen and pore space. The physical, chemical and biological properties were generally positively correlated with each other except few parameters i.e. SPR, Ammonical nitrogen and pore space at both the depths.
Open Access
Dynamics Of Micronutrient Cations In Soil-Plant System As Influenced By Long Term Application Of Chemical Fertilizers And Amendments In An Acid Alfisol
(Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya : Plampur, 2011) Shambhavi,Shweta.; Sharma,S.P.
Open Access
IMPACT OF ORGANIC NUTRIENT SOURCES AND TILLAGE ON SOIL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF MAIZE-LENTIL SYSTEM
(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2015) PAUL, VISHAKHA; Dubey, Y.P.
An experiment was conducted at the Model Organic Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2011-12 and 2012-13 by taking maize-lentil cropping sequence. There were two tillage treatments i.e. conservation tillage and conventional tillage; and six different sources of organic nutrients viz. biocompost, fortified biocompost, vermicompost, fortified vermicompost (@ 10 t ha-1 each), biodynamic compost (7.5 t ha-1) and 60% recommended dose of fertilizers through biocompost + 20% through neem cake + 20% through biofertilizers. The fortification was done by using 5 percent cow urine and biofertilizers (N fixers and P solubilizers). Maize was taken as main crop and all the treatments were followed for maize, whereas, lentil was grown on the residual nutrients after maize harvest. The lentil straw was used as a residue for maize crop and spread on surface in conservation tillage and incorporated into soil through deep tillage in conventional tillage. Different biocomposts were prepared in both the years and analysed for the nutrient content and the best biocompost in terms of nutrient content and C:N ratio was used in the experiment. The available and total nitrogen and phosphorus status in the soil was studied at every 15 days interval in both the years in both the soil depths to find out the release pattern of nitrogen and phosphorus in different treatments. The highest available and total nitrogen and phosphorus in both the years at both depths at each interval was recorded under the treatment combination conventional tillage + 60% recommended dose of fertilizers through biocompost + 20% through neem cake + 20% through biofertilizers. The available and total nitrogen and phosphorus in soil were found to be higher in the second year as compared to first year. Similarly, the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in maize plants at every 15 days interval was studied. The nutrient concentration was also recorded highest in the treatment conventional tillage + 60% recommended dose of fertilizers through biocompost + 20% through neem cake + 20% through biofertilizers in both the years. The nutrient content in soil was the lowest at 75 DAS whereas the nutrient content in plants was the highest in 75 DAS. The maize grain and straw yield, nutrient uptake, protein content, secondary nutrients and micronutrients in both the years were recorded higher in the treatment combination conventional tillage + 60% recommended dose of fertilizers through biocompost + 20% through neem cake + 20% through biofertilizers. Whereas, all these parameters in lentil grain were recorded higher in conservation tillage + 60% recommended dose of fertilizers through biocompost + 20% through neem cake + 20% through biofertilizers. Similar trend was recorded for secondary and micronutrients for both maize and lentil. All the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were improved under conventional tillage. Fortified biocompost and vermicompost improved all the soil parameters as compared to unfortified parents. The soil penetration resistance (SPR) was recorded higher in conservation tillage as compared to conventional tillage in both maize and lentil in both the soil depths. The moisture retention increased under conservation tillage but the moisture availability i.e. least limiting water range (LLWR) increased under conventional tillage. The range of moisture availability increased with the application of biocompost as compared to vermicompost. The soil penetration resistance was negatively correlated with moisture content. All the chemical properties were significantly and positively correlated with microbiological parameters and moisture at different tensions except moisture at -15 bars, pore space and water holding capacity in surface soil and subsurface soil. However, the physical properties did not register a set trend with chemical and microbiological properties on surface and subsurface soil. Whereas in the subsurface soil all the microbial parameters were positively correlated with each other and chemical properties.
Open Access
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF FARM YARD MANURE AND VERMICOMPOST UNDER PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN MAIZE-WHEAT SYSTEM IN AN ACID ALFISOL
(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2014) SINGH, VIJAY; Dixit, S. P.
The present investigation was carried out to study the comparative effectiveness of farm yard manure and vermicompost under prescription based fertilizer application in maize-wheat system in an acid Alfisol at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur. There were nine treatments which were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The treatments were control, soil test based, farmers’ practice, 100% NPK, target yield (non-IPNS), target yield with 2.5t and 5t FYM ha-1 with 2.5t and 5t vermicompost ha-1. The target yield for maize and wheat was 40 q and 35 q ha-1, respectively. The experiment was conducted on maize and wheat for two years i.e. kharif 2011 to rabi 2012-13. The soil of experimental farm was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (pH 5.1), medium in organic carbon (7.8 g kg-1) with 208, 26.8 and 214 kg ha-1 of available N, P and K, respectively. The micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 21.2, 0.83, 0.99 and 16.9 mg kg-1. Surface (0-0.15 m) and sub-surface (0.15-0.30 m) soil samples taken before the sowing and after the harvest of each crop were analysed for pH, organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available N, P, K, S, exchangeable Ca, Mg and micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn. Bulk density, particle density, water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, microbial biomass carbon, urease and phosphatase activity were determined before the sowing and after harvest of last crop. Yield of maize and wheat was recorded. Plant samples of both the crops were analyzed for total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrient cations and their uptakes were worked out. The study revealed that water holding capacity and water stable aggregates increased in targeted yield treatments with integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) as compared to their non-IPNS counterparts. However, the effect of IPNS treatments as compared to non-IPNS was non significant in case of bulk density and particle density. Soil pH was not affected significantly but OC and CEC improved in targeted yield with IPNS than rest of the treatments in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. The status of available N, P, K and S was recorded highest in treatment where 5t vermicompost ha-1 with targeted yield was applied. Exchangeable Ca, Mg and DTPA extractable micronutrient cations viz. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn increased under prescription based fertilizer application with IPNS as compared to non-IPNS in both surface and sub-surface soil samples. Microbial biomass carbon, urease activity and phosphatase activity was recorded highest in the treatment comprising of fertilizer application based on targeted yield with 5t vermicompost ha-1. Highest yield of both the crops was recorded in treatment where 5t vermicompost ha-1 was applied with targeted yield concept and uptake of primary (N, P and K), secondary (Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrient cations (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) were recorded higher in targeted yield treatments of IPNS as compared to rest of the treatments. In maize, the highest net returns were recorded in the treatment with targeted yield (non-IPNS) followed by targeted yield with 2.5 t FYM ha-1 and lowest in farmers’ practice whereas, in wheat the highest net returns were recorded in the treatment with targeted yield (non-IPNS) followed by 2.5t FYM ha-1 with targeted yield treatment and lowest in farmers’ practice. In maize, output input ratio was highest (2.6) recorded in targeted yield treatment with non-IPNS whereas, in wheat it was highest in soil test base (3.2). All the physical, chemical and biological properties were positively correlated with grain and straw yield of maize and wheat except bulk density and particle density.

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