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ThesisItem Open Access Management Of Insect Pests On Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) And Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charanitia L.)(Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya : Plampur, 2011) Sheikh,Ahmad.Khursheed.; Raj,Desh.ThesisItem Open Access Biodiversity Of Fruit Flies (Tephritidae Diptera) And Utilization Of Gut Bacteria In Their management(Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Vishvavidyalaya : Plampur, 2011) Prabhakar,Shekhar.Chandra.; Mehta,P.K.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS ON CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) AND BITTER GOURD (Momordica charantia L.).(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2011) SHEIKH, KHURSHEED AHMAD; Raj, DeshThe present investigation entitled “Management of insect pests on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)” was undertaken in the Experimental Field of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and at farmer,s field at Bara (Hamirpur) during 2009 and 2010. Cucurbits are infested by number of insect pests right from the germination to harvesting stage, but a few of them viz., Aulacophora foveicollis, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata and fruit flies are of serious concern. Studies on population build up of these insect pests indicated that their initial activity and peak period varied with the locations and prevailing weather conditions. At Palampur, A. foveicollis was found active from second fortnight of April with three peaks during 2nd and last weeks of May and 3rd week of July in the first study year whereas, one major peak during 2nd week of May in the second year. At Bara (Hamirpur) its first appearance was noticed during first fortnight of March and reached to its peak during 3rd and 2nd weeks of April in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The appearance H. vigintioctopunctata was observed during 1st week of July in the first study year whereas, in the second year it appeared earlier during 3rd week of June and the maximum total population was recorded during second fortnight of August at Palampur. On the other hand its first occurrence was observed during 2nd week of July in 2009 and last week of June in 2010 at Bara (Hamirpur). In the first year total peak population was also recorded late during 1st week of August than that of last week of July in the second year. The activity of fruit fly species associated with the cucurbits was observed during second fortnight of April and first fortnight of March at Palampur and Bara (Hamirpur), respectively. Their population build up was governed/coincided with the fruiting period of crops. Seven species of fruit flies were captured irrespective of pheromone traps. The pheromones were species specific in terms of attracting different species. Four species viz., B. tau, B. cucurbitae, B. scutellaris and B. nigrofemoralis responded highly to cuelure traps and poorly to baculure traps. Two species viz., B. zonata and B. dorsalis responded efficiently to methyl eugenol followed by makshikari traps. However, unidentified species responded only to cuelure traps. Four species were found associated with cucurbits irrespective of locations. However, B. cucurbitae was not found infesting cucurbits despite xv its low field trap catches at Palampur whereas, at Bara (Hamirpur) unidentified species was neither found in traps nor emerged from infested fruits under laboratory conditions. Among the evaluated cucumber genotypes Nepal Local followed by Sikkim Cucumber, IC-355960 and IC-429994 were proved superior to commercial variety Khira-90 to A. foveicollis. In case of fruit flies genotype IC-43006 was the least susceptible over check Khira-90. Seven insecticides/biopesticides viz., chlorpyriphos, carbaryl, malathion, endosulfan, abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin and azadirachtin were tested against their field efficacy against these insect pests. Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) and carbaryl (0.20%) were proved to be the best treatments in their efficacy against A. foveicollis and H. vigintioctopunctata, which showed significantly maximum per cent reduction over untreated check. In case of fruit flies, abamectin (0.0015%) proved to be the superior treatment resulting in lowest fruit damage and mean number of maggots per infested fruit in both the crops at both the locations. This was followed by lambda-Cyhalothrin (0.004%) and azadirachtin (0.0045%). However, from the economic point of view Lambda-cyhalothrin was found better treatment as it resulted in returns of 31.4 and 26.5 at Palampur and 62.9 and 40.6 at Bara (Hamirpur) for cucumber and bitter gourd, respectively per rupee invested.ThesisItem Open Access BIODIVERSITY OF FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE: DIPTERA) AND UTILIZATION OF GUT BACTERIA IN THEIR MANAGEMENT(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2011) PRABHAKAR, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; Mehta, P.K.ABSTRACT Present investigations on biodiversity of fruit flies and their associated gut bacteria were undertaken to resolve the fruit flies spectrum prevalent in Himachal Pradesh and their molecular characterization along with associated gut bacteria. The results revealed that Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera tau are the major and serious pests of cucurbits causing 65.88 per cent fruit infestation in Himachal Pradesh. Out of 17 species of tephritid fruit flies recorded from 5 genera, 14 species were present in Himachal Pradesh. Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), B. nigrofemoralis White & Tsuruta, Dacus longicornis Wiedemann, Dacus sp., Cyrtostola limbata (Hendel) from subfamily Dacinae and Pliomelaena udhampurensis Agarwal & Kapoor from subfamily Tephritinae were recorded for the first time from Himachal Pradesh. Pest status and distribution of B. latifrons needs to be investigated in the Himachal Pradesh as this species has been reported as pest in south India. Eight species of fruit flies (61 isolates) were molecularly characterized with mtCOI gene and were submitted to GenBank, NCBI with accession number HQ378195-HQ378245 and HQ446513-HQ446522. mtCOI gene/s of B. nigrofemoralis, D. longicornis and D. sphaeroidalis are totally new to GenBank, NCBI. mtCOI gene analysis of B. cucurbitae showed exceedingly low genetic diversity amongst B. cucurbitae populations and one single haplotype (H1) was found to be predominant in Indian subcontinent. On the basis of mtCOI gene sequence analysis of B. tau isolates from Himachal Pradesh, the observed genetic diversity is low and quite similar to B. tau sp A (Thailand). Eight species of fruit flies were clearly differentiated on the basis of mtCOI gene sequences which were grouped together as per earlier classification. This validates the utility of mtCOI gene as a tool for fruit fly detection, species characterization and phylogenetic studies. Out of 63 bacteria isolated from the gut of B. tau on two culture media viz. BHIA and PYEA, 30 bacteria were screened as attractant for fruit fly. Five most attractive bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence characteristics. These were Delftia acidovorans, Pseudomonas putida, Flavobacterium sp., Defluvibacter sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences were submitted to GenBank, NCBI and accession numbers HQ446523 to HQ446527 were awarded to them. Attractancy of different bacterial isolates was in the range of 6.17 to 11.17 and 5.67 to 8.17 adults/ 30min for female and male, respectively. P. putida was found to be the most attractive bacteria to fruit fly followed by D. acidovorans. All bacterial isolates were, however, found statistically superior over sugar (negative control) and inferior to protein hydrolyzate (positive control). Twenty two volatile chemicals were identified on the basis of GCMS analysis of five bacterial isolates. Of which only three chemicals viz. Z-(9)-tricosene (House fly), cedrol (Cryptomeria bark borer) and chryophllene oxide (Compoletis sonorensis) are known to be associated with insect chemical communication behaviour.