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ThesisItem Open Access INDUCTION OF PARTURITION IN THE DAIRY ANIMALS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS PROTOCOLS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 15-06-18) Thakur, Anupama; Singh, MadhumeetThis study was conducted in two parts. First part consisted of survey conducted through questionnaire to analyse the scenario regarding induction of parturition in bovines of Himachal Pradesh and second was a clinical study to record the clinical efficacy of four different parturition induction treatment protocols in advance pregnant cows. Overall, 24 pregnant cows (6 in each treatment protocols) suffering from cervico-vaginal prolapse and/or recumbency were induced calving using these protocols. These included 1; Dexamethasone, 2; PGF2α, 3; Dexamethasone + PGF2α in combination and 4; Dexamethasone + PGF2α + Valethamate Bromide + Diethylstilbestrol combination. Clinical findings were recorded which included response time from induction to parturition, postpartum reproductive parameters viz peak milk yield and first postpartum estrus and clinical complications like dystocia, retention of placenta post-induction. Blood samples were collected from cows at three stages viz; prior to induction treatment, just immediately after calving and 12 hrs post-calving and were analysed for hormonal and hematological profile. Questionnaire analysis revealed that Dexamethasone, PGF2α and Valethamate Bromide combination was the most preferred treatment followed with combination of Dexamethasone and PGF2α by veterinarians, whereas, majority of veterinary pharmacists used later combination in field veterinary institutions. Use of Oxytocin in combinations was also reported by some pharmacists. In present clinical study, although there was no difference in time taken from treatment to calving between different protocols (p>0.05), administration of Dexamethasone alone appeared comparatively the best. Post-partum complications were recorded in all the protocols used in this study. No difference was found in post-partum parameters between present induced and previous normal calving. Similarly there was no difference in hormonal or haematological profile between different protocols, however, cortisol levels decreased (P>0.05) 12 hrs post-calving when Dexamethasone alone was used for parturition induction.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON UROVAGINA VIS-À-VIS REPRODUCTION IN COWS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 04-07-11) Vatasyan, Subrahmanyam; Sood, PankajABSTRACT Optimum cattle reproduction is a pre-requisite for a successful dairy enterprise. Urovagina is the pooling of urine in the cranial portion of vagina, which leads to infertility in the affected cattle and therefore economic loss. Studies on urovagina in Indian cattle were completely lacking and therefore undertaken in the Jersey upgraded cows. In the first part, 31 cows were examined at monthly interval from third month of gestation till second month postpartum for presence of urovagina and change in angles of pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva. There was no evidence of urovagina and no significant difference in the angles of pelvic girdle and vagina at different pregnant and postpartum stages. However, the vulvar angles of 21.6 ± 1.2 and 20.2 ± 0.8 at fourth and seventh month of pregnancy, respectively, were higher (P<0.05) than 17.3 ± 0.7 at first month after calving. This difference of approximately three degrees was inferred to be too small for any practical significance. The correlation matrix revealed a significant and individual association among pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva. In the second part, 30 normal and 15 urovagina cows were examined for vaginoscopy (to detect the presence and severity of urovagina), nature of vaginal contents, function of constrictor vestibuli muscle, past and current reproductive status, age, parity, body condition score, angles (pelvic girdle, vagina and vulva), vaginal and uterine biopsies and blood serum calcium. Except for the angles that were determined both at Day 0 (estrus) and Day 14 (two weeks after end of estrus), all other investigations were carried out at Day 0. Vaginoscopy confirmed the presence of urovagina in the affected cows and moderate urovagina (n = 8) was most common followed by severe (n = 6) and mild urovagina (n = 1). The contents in vaginal fornix of the affected cows confirmed the presence of urine mixed genital secretions characterised by yellow colour, watery spinbarkeit, 107.6 ± 10.5 ml volume, uremic odour and an average pH of 8.8 ± 0.01compared to normal cows having a clear, copious and stringy genital discharge with 17.2 ± 0.3 ml volume and an average pH of 7.01 ± 0.01. The later two were significantly different from the normal cows. The other significant differences (P<0.05 atleast) between the urovagina and the normal cows included (i) longer estrous duration (2.8 ± 0.3d versus 1.1 ± 0.05 d) (ii) higher parity (3.8 ± 0.5 versus 2.4 ± 0.3) (iii) more cranioventral angles of pelvis at Day 0 (0.3 ± 5.4 versus 15.7 ± 0.5) and Day 14 (-15.8 ± 2.8 versus 14.0 ± 1.3), respectively. The other revelations in the urovagina cows were histopathological confirmation of vaginal smooth muscle degeneration around external urethral orifice and endometritis. Surgical correction by creating vestibulovaginal cerclage was attempted 12d after estrus in five urovagina cows. There was complete absence of urine pooling in three of the treated cows indicating a 60% efficacy of the surgical treatment. In conclusion, prolonged estrous duration in multiparous cows having a craniovental pelvic girdle and degenerating vaginal smooth muscles around external urethral orifice increase the likelihood of urovagina. Vestibulovaginal cerclage will be efficient to resolve urovagina in cows.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EFFECT OF BODY CONDITION SCORE ON REPRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS IN H.P.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 04-07-11) Nazat Ahmed, Sayed; Kumar, NavneetABSTRACT The present study was aimed to assess the body condition in heifers and cows during different phases of reproduction and assess its impact on fertility. The Jersey and Jersey X Red Sindhi crossbreed heifers and cows of the University Livestock Farm and cattle presented during clinical camps were included in the study. The BCS of heifers (n=23) was monitored at 1 month interval and related to age at first estrus and cyclicity pattern. The body condition of heifers improved during 8 months of observation. The inter estrus intervals of heifers with least BCS (2.95±0.05) were highly regular compared to heifers with higher BCS (>3). The body condition of farm cows (n=26) was evaluated one month before calving, at calving and subsequently at one month interval up to 5 months post partum. There was more loss of BCS post partum in anestrus than cyclic cows. The average daily milk yield of cows with higher BCS before calving was marginally higher. Among the cows (n=146) and heifers (n=54) presented in different camps, majority heifers were anestrus while cows were cyclic. The BCS of cyclic heifers and cows was significantly higher than anestrus animals.ThesisItem Open Access “Subclinical endometritis in bovines of Himachal Pradesh – diagnosis and therapeutic options”(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 07-06-17) Kumari, Neelam; Singh, MadhumeetABSTRACT The aim of this study was to record prevalence of sub-clinical endometritis (SCE) by using different diagnostic methods and to recommend appropriate treatment to manage SCE. Different diagnostic methods used were clear uterine discharge cultured for bacteria (n=140 cows; 20 buffaloes) by routine methods of bacteriological testing, trans-rectal ultrasonography, cytobrush (endometrial cytology) technique and Whiteside test. Endometrial cytology was done in cows (n=15) with a threshold of ≥5% PMN as indicative of SCE. Depending on results of different diagnostic tests the prevalence of SCE varied from 40.0 to 55.0 per cent in cows and 35.0 per cent in buffaloes. The different bacteria isolated from uterine discharge samples were E.coli, Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Micrococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species and Salmonella species. Maximum isolates were of E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species (29.03, 25.80 and 25.80%, respectively). Among 15 antimicrobial drugs used for culture sensitivity test, bacteria isolated were found most sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Cows with SCE had a relative low pregnancy rate as compared to cows without SCE. Also among treated animals (n=20) the conception rate after treatment was 45 per cent. Ultrasonography didn’t give any conclusive diagnosis. Uterine cytology followed by Whiteside test was comparatively accurate methods as compared to bacteriological testing. This study showed that endometrial cytology could be used in cows safely and effectively for the diagnosis of SCE.