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2010 - 202035
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2010 ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 35
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feeding locally available Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle/ Bichu Buti) on biological performance of Broilers
    (palampur, 2020-10-29) Shivanshi; Sharma, Arun
    The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle/ Bichu Buti) in commercial broiler birds under complete randomized block design. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) were divided into six treatment groups T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with three replicates of ten chicks in each. All the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric standard diet. The birds in treatment T0 (control group) were fed standard poultry diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, the standard poultry diet was supplemented with antibiotic (zinc bacitracin), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% nettle leaves powder, respectively. The result of the study showed that treatment group T4 fed with 1.5% nettle leaves in basal diet showed significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth performance in terms of gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency. It significantly (P<0.05) increased the dressing percentage. Highest % weight of gizzard was observed in group fed 1% nettle leaves powder mixed in standard diet. Among blood parameters, the value of Hb and PCV was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T4 treatment groups. The value of RBCs was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 treatment group whereas the value of WBCs, MCV, MCH and MCHC did not exhibit any significant differences amongst different treatment groups. However, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were significantly low (P<0.05) in T4 and T5 treatment groups as compared to control and other treatment groups. Overall economic analysis revealed that group of birds supplemented with 1.5% nettle leaves powder exhibited 41.37% higher gross profit as compared to the control in terms of body weight gain and feed efficiency and increasing supplementation beyond this decreased profitability as well as growth
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF APPLE POMACE BASED COMPLETE FEED ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF CALVES
    (CSKHPKV Palampur, 2019-07-23) SUNIDHI; Rani, Daisy
    The study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of using ensiled apple pomace (AP) based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male calves were divided into 2 groups of 5 calves each, with each group having similar average body weight. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw (EMAPWS) and ensiled apple pomace and fresh wheat straw (EAPFWS) based complete feed on growth response of calves was studied and in the second experiment, the effect of EMAPWS and EAPFWS based complete feed on nutrient utilization of calves was studied. For the experiments, AP and Wheat straw (WS) was ensiled in 85:15 in plastic drums of 300L capacity for 4 weeks. Also only AP was ensiled and to this fresh WS was mixed in 85:15. The mixtures were analyzed for proximate and fibre composition. Accordingly, formulation and preparation of concentrate feed was done. Growth studies were carried out for 8 weeks period. During growth trial, the overall DMI was 2.79 and 2.51 per cent, with a daily gain of 288 and 260 g/calf. The feed efficiency ratio was 0.147 and 0.188, respectively, in EMAPWS TMR and EAPFWS TMR treatment. During digestibility trial average gain in weight/head/day was 762g and 701g respectively. Average daily dry matter intake was 3.198 and 2.816 g per 100 kg body weight respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS. There was no significant difference in GIW and DMI between both the groups. The digestibilities of EE, CF, Cellulose and ADF was significantly higher in EMAPWS, whereas the digestibilities of DM, CP, Hemicellulose, NFE, NDF and OM did not differ. The TDN content of the complete feed was 70.88 and 59.74 per cent whereas, DCP content was 7.28 and 6.12 per cent in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and it differed significantly. The TDN intake was 63.51 and 47.96 g and DCP intake was 6.53 and 4.92 g per Kg metabolic body weight in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and both TDN and DCP intake differed significantly. The nitrogen intake was 56.56 and 37.87 g/head/day which was significantly different between both the groups. The Nitrogen retention (NR) as per cent of nitrogen intake (NI) was 46.35 and 37.82 respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS and it differed significantly between both the groups. All the calves were in positive nitrogen and energy balance. Feeding EMAPWS reduced the expenditure incurred on feeding to gain one kg body weight, by 2.22 percent than feeding ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS. So, it was concluded that ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was relatively better method to preserve and feed AP to calves and feeding complete feed based on EMAPWS could support optimum growth rate in cross-bred calves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF APPLE POMACE BASED COMPLETE FEED ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF CALVES
    (CSHHPKV Palampur, 2019-07-23) SUNIDHI; Daisy, Rani
    The study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of using ensiled apple pomace (AP) based complete feed on growth response of calves. Ten male calves were divided into 2 groups of 5 calves each, with each group having similar average body weight. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the effect of ensiled mixture of apple pomace and wheat straw (EMAPWS) and ensiled apple pomace and fresh wheat straw (EAPFWS) based complete feed on growth response of calves was studied and in the second experiment, the effect of EMAPWS and EAPFWS based complete feed on nutrient utilization of calves was studied. For the experiments, AP and Wheat straw (WS) was ensiled in 85:15 in plastic drums of 300L capacity for 4 weeks. Also only AP was ensiled and to this fresh WS was mixed in 85:15. The mixtures were analyzed for proximate and fibre composition. Accordingly, formulation and preparation of concentrate feed was done. Growth studies were carried out for 8 weeks period. During growth trial, the overall DMI was 2.79 and 2.51 per cent, with a daily gain of 288 and 260 g/calf. The feed efficiency ratio was 0.147 and 0.188, respectively, in EMAPWS TMR and EAPFWS TMR treatment. During digestibility trial average gain in weight/head/day was 762g and 701g respectively. Average daily dry matter intake was 3.198 and 2.816 g per 100 kg body weight respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS. There was no significant difference in GIW and DMI between both the groups. The digestibilities of EE, CF, Cellulose and ADF was significantly higher in EMAPWS, whereas the digestibilities of DM, CP, Hemicellulose, NFE, NDF and OM did not differ. The TDN content of the complete feed was 70.88 and 59.74 per cent whereas, DCP content was 7.28 and 6.12 per cent in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and it differed significantly. The TDN intake was 63.51 and 47.96 g and DCP intake was 6.53 and 4.92 g per Kg metabolic body weight in EMAPWS and EAPFWS respectively and both TDN and DCP intake differed significantly. The nitrogen intake was 56.56 and 37.87 g/head/day which was significantly different between both the groups. The Nitrogen retention (NR) as per cent of nitrogen intake (NI) was 46.35 and 37.82 respectively in EMAPWS and EAPFWS and it differed significantly between both the groups. All the calves were in positive nitrogen and energy balance. Feeding EMAPWS reduced the expenditure incurred on feeding to gain one kg body weight, by 2.22 percent than feeding ensiled AP mixed with fresh WS. So, it was concluded that ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was relatively better method to preserve and feed AP to calves and feeding complete feed based on EMAPWS could support optimum growth rate in cross-bred calves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON USE OF SOME PHYTOGENIC MATERIALS AS CATTLE FEED PRESERVATIVES.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019) Rana, Divya; Rani, Daisy
    This study was conducted to generate information regarding use of some phytogenic materials as cattle feed preservatives with the objectives to study changes in chemical composition of concentrate feeds preserved with plant materials; to study the effect of preservatives on in-vitro digestion of feeds; to study effect of promising preservative on nutrient utilization in ruminants and to study the economics of use of preservatives on growth performance of calves. Calcium propionate @ 0.1 percent, curry leaves @ 2 percent, mint leaves @ 1 percent, seabuckthorn leaves @ 2 percent, eucalyptus leaves @ 2 percent, turmeric rhizome powder @ 1 percent and neem leaves were added @ 2 percent and they were designated as PC, C, M, S, E, T and N, respectively. Basal feed was designated as NC. Effect on physical and chemical composition of feeds was studied up to 6 months period. In-vitro gas production study was conducted bimonthly for dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Digestibility-cum-metabolism trial was conducted by using NC, PC, N and T with wheat straw as source of roughage in 4 groups of calves with 5 calves in each group. A growth study was conducted on same groups of growing calves for 12 weeks period by using TMR containing concentrate with PC, N and T. Economics of use of the phytogenic preservatives in growing calves was calculated. On the basis of effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of concentrate feeds, treatment T and N had rank 1 followed by PC; M and S; C; NC and E in decreasing order. The feeds could be very well preserved up to 4 months after preparation under the weather conditions of Palampur, without affecting the in-vitro digestibility of DM and OM. The treatment T significantly (P<0.05) increased the digestibility of OM, CF and NFE in the growing calves. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the use of PC, N and T. Energy content of feeds of N and T treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than NC. The use of Calcium propinate, Neem and Turmeric resulted in lowering the expenditure of feeding to get 1 kg body weight by 10.65, 8.59 and 6.53 percent, respectively compared to NC. As the shelf-life study was conducted from February to August, there was a great change in environmental condition during last 2 to 3 months due to monsoons, therefore research work is needed to be conducted on the effect of phytogenic preservatives on shelf-life of feeds which are prepared and stored during rainy season.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Use of citric acid in combination with probiotics in broiler diets.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-04) Koundal, Nitesh; Katoch, Shivani
    The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of citric acid alone and in combination with commercial probiotics (Darolac) in the poultry broiler birds under completely randomized block design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=99) were divided into 3 main treatment groups T0, T1 and T2. Each treatment group was further divided into 3 replicates with 11 chicks each. T0 served as standard control diet and was given standard corn-soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 was given standard corn-soy flake ration with 0.5 per cent citric acid (CA) and T2 was given standard corn-soy flake ration with a combination of 0.5 per cent CA and 0.05 per cent probiotics. All three diets were formulated and prepared conferring to ICAR (2013) standards. Supplementation of test diet T1 alone was more effective than test diet T2 in enhancing bird performance in form of gain in weight and FCR by modulating the GIT environment condition viz. lowering the pH of intestinal contents, altering the population of intestinal microflora leading to reduction in the population of coliforms and altering the gram positive and gram negative bacteria ratio. Test diet T1 and T2 improved the digestibility of calcium and phosphorus which was reflected in increased Ca and P content in tibial bone. However carcass characteristics revealed 4.9 per cent higher dressing per cent in treatment T2 compared to control T0. Further, the average weight for fore/breast quarter was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment T2 and was numerically higher in treatment T1 compared to control T0. Blood cholesterol (mg/dL) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment T2 compared to control T0. Economic analysis revealed 1.17 per cent higher gross profit on feeding test diet T1 compared to control diet T0, whereas test diet T2 increased the cost of feeding thus negatively affecting the profit margin compared to control T0. It is thus concluded that supplementation of CA alone at 0.5 per cent concentration in standard corn- soy flake ration is economically viable compared to combination of 0.5 per cent CA and 0.05 per cent probiotics.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    USE OF CITRIC ACID AS AN ADDITIVE IN BROILER DIETS WITH LOWER MINERAL CONCENTRATION.
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06-04) Sharma, Sumani; Katoch, Shivani
    The study was conducted to evaluate citric acid (CA) in diet with lower mineral concentration i.e. calcium and phosphorus (Ca;P) in commercial broiler poultry birds under complete randomized design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=96) were divided into 4 main treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3. Each treatment group was further divided in 2 replicates with 12 chicks in each. T0 served as control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 served as standard ration containing 0.5 per cent CA and T2 was given ration containing 0.5 per cent CA along with 10 percent low Ca;P whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 0.5 per cent CA along with 20 percent lower Ca;P as per ICAR (2013) standards. The diet T3 formulated with 0.5 per cent CA and 20 per cent lower Ca;P then ICAR 2013 recommendations significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth performance of birds in terms of gain in weight, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and carcass traits like dressing percentage and forequarters weight compared to control T0 but did not show any difference compared to standard treatment T1. Supplementation of 0.5 per cent CA in the diets conferred protection to birds by lowering mortality in birds through reduction in total microbial count, altering the gram positive to gram negative ratio in the lower gastro intestinal tract. Treatment T3 enhanced the availability of calcium and phosphorus by activating homeostatic mechanism of calcium and phosphorus regulation as evident in metabolic trial, blood and tibial bone studies and exhibited 2.24 and 1.04 per cent higher gross profit compared to control T0 and standard T1. Treatment T2 exhibited reduced gross profit owing to poor FCR compared to control T0 and standard T1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    USE OF CITRIC ACID AS AN ADDITIVE IN BROILER DIETS WITH LOWER MINERAL CONCENTRATION
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06-04) Sharma, Sumani; Katoch, Shivani
    The study was conducted to evaluate citric acid (CA) in diet with lower mineral concentration i.e. calcium and phosphorus (Ca;P) in commercial broiler poultry birds under complete randomized design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=96) were divided into 4 main treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3. Each treatment group was further divided in 2 replicates with 12 chicks in each. T0 served as control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 served as standard ration containing 0.5 per cent CA and T2 was given ration containing 0.5 per cent CA along with 10 percent low Ca;P whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 0.5 per cent CA along with 20 percent lower Ca;P as per ICAR (2013) standards. The diet T3 formulated with 0.5 per cent CA and 20 per cent lower Ca;P then ICAR 2013 recommendations significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth performance of birds in terms of gain in weight, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and carcass traits like dressing percentage and forequarters weight compared to control T0 but did not show any difference compared to standard treatment T1. Supplementation of 0.5 per cent CA in the diets conferred protection to birds by lowering mortality in birds through reduction in total microbial count, altering the gram positive to gram negative ratio in the lower gastro intestinal tract. Treatment T3 enhanced the availability of calcium and phosphorus by activating homeostatic mechanism of calcium and phosphorus regulation as evident in metabolic trial, blood and tibial bone studies and exhibited 2.24 and 1.04 per cent higher gross profit compared to control T0 and standard T1. Treatment T2 exhibited reduced gross profit owing to poor FCR compared to control T0 and standard T1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    NUTRIENT SPARING EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS FEED ENZYMES ON THE BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF POULTRY BROILER BIRDS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Sood, Radhika Rajshree; Katoch, Shivani
    The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous feed enzymes viz. Hizyme and Phytase on the biological growth performance of commercial broiler poultry birds. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=100) were divided into 5 main treatment groups viz. T0, T1, T2,T3and T4 under completely randomized block design. Each treatment group was further divided in 2 replicates with 10 chicks in each. T0 served as standard control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration. Treatment T1 was given standard corn- soy flake based ration along with Hizyme at the rate of 25 grams per quintal feed and Phytase at the rate of 5grams per quintal(Activity -5000FTU) i.e. 250 FTU/Kg feed whereas T2 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated metabolizable energy(ME), Ca and P along with Hizyme and Phytase whereas treatment T3 was given ration containing 5 percent lower calculated minerals viz Ca and P along with phytase and treatment T4 was given ration with 5 percent lower calculated ME along with enzyme Hizyme. All the five broiler diets were formulated and prepared conferring to BIS (1992) standards. Formulated diet with 5 per cent lower metabolizable energy with addition of exogenous feed enzymes in treatment T4 exhibited increased growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, dressing yield and profitability.Supplementation of Hizyme at the rate 25 grams/quintal and phytase 5grams/quintal improved gain in live weight and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all treatments viz.T1, T2, T3andT4.Phytase supplementation @ 250 FTU/Kg feed did not compensate for the deficit in calcium and phosphorus as per BIS standards in treatment T2 during the starter phase but during the finisher phase the birds exhibited comparable weight gain and FCR compared to control T0.Hizyme and Phytase supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the crude fibre digestibility in treatment T2 compared to control group. Phosphorus digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1, T2, T3 and T4 compared to control group. Tibial bone calcium content did not exhibit any difference in control and all the other treatments whereas the tibial bone phosphorus and magnesium content was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in treatment T3 and T4 compared to standard formulated diet T1. Blood parameters were not affected by supplementation of enzymes.Dressing percentage was not affected by reduction in ME, Ca and P, although live weight and dressed weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment group T1 compared to treatment group T2 and T3. Cost of feed per kilogram gain in live weight was lowest in treatment T4 (Rs. 41.83/Kg) supplemented with Hizyme and second lowest in treatment T2 (Rs. 42.27/Kg) where as it was highest in control group T0 (Rs. 46.82/Kg).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access