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Ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-26) Bhalla, Tamanna; Kumar, Suresh
A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Kharif 2020 and 2021 to study the ecology and control of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Synedrella vialis (Less.) A. Gray. Eleven weed control treatments viz. glyphosate 1000 g/ha, paraquat 1000 g/ha, 2,4-D Na salt 1250 g/ha, 2,4-D ethyl ester 1000 g/ha, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha, carfentrazone 25 g/ha, glufosinate ammonium 500 g/ha, bispyribac Na 20 g/ha, flumioxazin 200 g/ha, diuron 500 g/ha and weedy check (control) were tested in Randomized Block Design with three replications. To study the ecology of both the weeds, experiments were conducted at three locations i.e. Research Farm of Department of Agronomy (Palampur), KVK (Berthin, Bilaspur) and on farmer’s field (Kangra). Alternanthera philoxeroides recorded the highest shoot length (97.25 and 100.75 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (40 and 42) in the month of October and this weed did not flower throughout the duration of study at both the locations i.e. Palampur and Kangra. Whereas, Synedrella vialis exhibited a low growing, mat forming habit with maximum shoot height (13 to 15.50 cm) and number of leaves per shoot (12) in August and September. This weed propagated vegetatively (runner) as well as through seeds since flowering occurred throughout the growth period at all the three locations. Results of the weed control study revealed that the application of glyphosate 1000 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha behaving statistically alike were significantly effective in reducing the count (No./m2 ) and dry weight (g/m2 ) of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Synedrella vialis during both the years of study. The bioassay study indicated that all the herbicides used for the control of these weeds did not retain any residue in the soil and thus, can be considered safe for use.
Open Access
Effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat system
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-24) Kaur, Navneet; Kumar, Anil
A field experiment was conducted from kharif 2020 to rabi 2021-2022 at the Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur. (H.P.) to study the effect of seed priming, nutrient management and tillage practices on productivity of rainfed maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three factors viz., tillage practices, seed priming and nutrient management practices and was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of three tillage practices [Conventional tillage (CT), CT + mulch (CT+M) and Zero tillage+ mulch (ZT+M)]; two seed priming [Hydropriming and micronutrient priming (0.5%Zn and 0.1%Mn)] and two nutrient management practices [recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (120:60:40 in maize and 80:40:40 in wheat) and Integrated nutrient management(50% N through FYM + 50% N and rest of P and K through inorganic sources)]. An additional treatment of control (CT, No priming, RDF) was also kept for general comparison of results. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that significantly higher growth and yield attributes, yield, nutrient content and uptake, system and water productivity and economic returns were obtained with conventional tillage + mulch followed by zero tillage + mulch amongst tillage practices, integrated nutrient management over RDF among nutrient management, whereas seed priming methods did not differ with respect to different parameters. As compared to initial status soil physical and chemical properties viz. bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at end of two years cropping cycle improved significantly under conventional tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management practice followed by zero tillage + mulch and integrated nutrient management system. For obtaining higher crop and water productivity as well as economic returns in maize-wheat cropping system under rainfed condition, conventional tillage + mulch practice with integrated nutrient management and seed priming should be adopted.
Open Access
Refinement of conventional integrated farming system model with natural farming
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-12) Singh, Gurpreet; Sharma, Vinod Kumar
An experiment was carried out in rabi and kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the productivity and profitability of integrated farming system under conventional and natural farming in mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh at 1 hectare AICRP-IFS on station research farm (Bhadiarkhar) of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The objective of the study was to refine existing integrated farming system model with natural farming and to identify and optimize component linkages for profit maximization. Components under study were field crops (CS), vegetable crops, livestock, poultry and mushroom. Farm area between different components was allocated as, 0.65 ha to field crops (4875 m2 under conventional farming, 1625 m2 under natural farming), 0.175 ha to vegetable crops (1050 m2 under conventional farming, 350 m2 under natural farming), 0.10 ha to fodder crops (750 m2 under conventional farming, 250 m2 under natural farming)and 0.075 for livestock, poultry, mushroom and other enterprises (manure pit, vermicompost unit and fodder chopping unit). Comparisons were made on the basis of production and economic benefits of different enterprises. Results revealed that among field crops, “maize + soybean- gobhisarson” and “soybean –wheat” cropping systems performed better under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among vegetable-based cropping systems, “okra-radish-garlic” and “okra+ soybean-pea” remained economically efficient under conventional and natural farming, respectively. Among different farming systems, integration of CS + Vegetable + Dairy+ Mushroom+ Poultry resulted in highest net returns under conventional farming; whereas under natural farming, combination of CS + Vegetable + Mushroom + Poultry resulted in highest net returns under existing farm plan. Optimization of farming system was done using linear programming. With optimal resource allocation it was predicted that under conventional integrated farming system, maximum returns can be obtained with allocating maximum area and resources to field crops and vegetable cropping systems components. Whereas, maximum returns can be obtained by integrating and allocating available resources to vegetable based cropping systems component and poultry component under natural farming. The study suggests that farm resources were not optimally allocated in existing plan. With modification in existing component combinations emanated from the linear programming net farm profit can be increased.
Open Access
Performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-11-28) Singh, Tanya; Manuja, Sandeep
A field experiment was undertaken during kharif 2021 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P.) with the objective of studying performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids at varying fertility levels under aerobic conditions. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three fertility levels (75 %, 100% and 125 % of the recommended dose of fertilizers, RDF 90:40:40 kg NPK ha-1 ) in main plot and four varieties (Arize AZ 6508, PAC 807+ , Arize 6129 and HPR 2143) in subplot, the treatments being replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction and medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and had adequate DTPA extractable zinc. The results so obtained in this investigation clearly indicated the significant impact of fertility levels on the growth, development, yield attributes and yield of different rice varieties cultivated under aerobic conditions. The varieties also showed significant differences in terms of all the growth, development and yield indices though the interaction between the fertility levels and varieties were not found to be significant. Application of 125% RDF, remaining at par with 100 % RDF, gave significantly higher values for almost all the yield attributes viz., number of effective tillers (298.3), number of grains per panicle (74.8) and 1000-grain weight (23.69) which ultimately resulted in significantly higher grain (38.29 q ha-1 ) and straw yield (48.36 q ha-1 ) of rice. This treatment also proved to be the most economic one giving higher gross return (Rs 91,075 ha-1 ), net return (Rs 42,009 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (0.87). Application of 75 % RDF gave significantly lower yield as well as economic returns. Application of higher dose of fertilizers also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in both grain and straw resulting in their higher uptake of respective nutrients. The available nitrogen and phosphorus content in soil after the harvest of rice was significantly influenced by fertility levels with significantly higher values reported with the application of higher doses while application of lower dose of 75 % RDF resulted in significantly lower available nitrogen and phosphorus. Amongst the varieties PAC 807+ gave better results in term of grain yield (39.20 q ha-1 ), gross return (Rs 91,033 q ha-1 ) and net return (Rs 40,633 q ha-1 ) while the inbred check variety HPR 2143 gave lowest grain yield (31.42 q ha-1 ) but highest B:C ratio (0.95). Thus farmers can get more productivity of aerobic rice with the cultivation of hybrids with application of higher dose of fertilizers though for achieving higher profitability the farmers should go in for the cultivation of open pollinated check variety HPR 2143 at higher doses of fertilizers.
Open Access
Weed dynamics and phytosociological studies in diversified cropping systems
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-15) Rana, Shivali; Rana, S. S.
The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under AICRP-IFS at Bhadiarkhar farm CSK HPKV, Palampur. Ten cropping systems C1–“Maize – wheat”, C2 – “Maize –Gobhisarson + Toria”, C3– “Dhaincha–Early cabbage – Frech bean”, C4– “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean”, C5–“Maize + Soybean – Chickpea + Linseed”, C6– “Rice – Wheat + Gram”, C7– “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson”, C8 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Ryegrass + Berseem”, C9 – “Baby corn – Broccoli - French bean”, C10 “Okra – Turnip - Tomato” in a randomized block design with three replications were evaluated for appraisal on weeds floristic diversity, phytosociology, phenology, weed dynamics, NPK depletion and yield loss. Soil of experimental field was silty-clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction with PH 5.38. Weed flora was composed of 13 species in kharif 2021 viz. Ageratum conyzoides (24%), Cyperus spp. (20%), Phyllanthus niruri (11%) and Galinsoga parviflora (10%) were the dominating weed species and remaining weed species were Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemesia vulgaris, Commelina bengalensis, Coronopus didymus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa spp., Ipomoea spp. and Monochoria vaginalis. During rabi 2022,13 weed species were reported, out of them dominating weed species were Poa annua (25%), Coronopus didymus (15%), Spergula arvensis (14%) and Trifolium repens (10%)and the other weed species were Anagallis arvensis, Avena fatua, Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris minor, Lolium temulentum, Raphanus spp., Stelleria media and Vicia sativa. Ageratum conyzoides was the most important weed during the kharif season with IVI value ranging from 35.2 to 100.1 under different cropping systems. This was followed by Cyperus spp. ranging from 18.1 to 67.1 and Galinsoga parviflora ranging from 26.0 to 62.3. During rabi season, the most important weed was Poa annua with IVI value of 40.8 to 70.4 in cropping systems. This was followed by Coronopus didymus ranging from 26.1 to 65.6 and Spergula arvensis ranging from 15.8 to 56.3. Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index indicated higher weed diversity under C3 – “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frechbean” followed by C4 – “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean” and C5 – “Maize + Soybean – Chickpea + Linseed for kharif season. For rabi season Simpson’s index of diversity and Simpson’s reciprocal index indicated higher weed diversity in C3 cropping system– “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frech bean” followed by C4 – “Sunhemp – Vegetable Pea - French bean” and C6 – “Rice – Wheat + Gram”. Majority of the kharif weeds emerged during June reached flowering between July and August, seed setting and maturity in September and Rabi weeds emerged during October and November also,flowering occurred during January and February, maturity during March and April. Nutrient depletion by weeds ranged from 39.8 – 43.9 kg/ha N, 10.4 – 15.6 kg/ha P and 19.3 – 25.5 kg/ha K under different cropping systems, minimum under cropping system C1 – “Maize – wheat” for N, C2 – “Maize –Gobhisarson + Toria” for P and C7 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson” for K and maximum under cropping systemC7 – “Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra – Oats + Sarson” for N, C10 “Okra – Turnip - Tomato for P and C3– “Dhaincha – Early cabbage – Frechbean” for K. For kharif season, percent yield loss was found to be higher in C6 – “Rice – Wheat + Gram” and for rabi season it was higher in C9 – “Baby corn – Broccoli – French bean” cropping system. Weeds inflicted huge yield losses ranging from 38.46% in C1 Maize – Wheat to 82.20% in C8 Hybrid Sorghum + Hybrid Bajra–Ryegrass + Berseem.
Open Access
Influence of regulated deficit irrigation on crop and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-14) Kumari, Saroj; Kumar, Anil
A field experiment was conducted in wheat crop during rabi 2021-22 at Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of selected combination of four deficit levels viz. high (50% ETC), medium (70% ETC), low (90% ETC) and free from deficit (100% ETC) and three phases of application viz. phase I (CRI and jointing), phase II (flowering) and phase III (dough stage). A total of eight combinations viz. FFF: Free from deficit at all three phases; LLL: Low deficit at all three phases; MMM: Medium deficit at all three phases; FMM: Free from deficit at phase I, Medium at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFM: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; MFH: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, High at phase III; MFM: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFH: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II and High at phase III, were tested under randomized block design, replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available potassium, high in available phosphorus and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher growth, root volume and weight, yield attributes, yield and water productivity and was similar to the wheat cultivation under water deficit free condition at all critical stages of growth (FFF). Any water deficit below 90% ETC especially a high deficit of 50% ETC at phase I (CRI) and phase III (dough) (HFH) resulted in significant decrease in yield and water productivity. Although, a higher net return (₹ 72303 ha-1 ) and benefit cost ratio (2.35) was obtained under water deficit free condition but it was closely followed by net return and benefit-cost ratio of ₹ 67603 ha-1 and 2.26, respectively under regulated low water deficit regime (LLL).
Open Access
Effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on productivity and quality of fodder sorghum
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-20) Singh, Sandeep; Kumar, Naveen
The field experiment was conducted at Fodder Unit, CSK HPKV, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh) during kharif 2021 to study the effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on productivity and quality of fodder sorghum. The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture; acidic in medium; low in available nitrogen and DTPA extractable zinc; medium in available phosphorus and potassium and fair in available boron. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications, consisting twelve treatments i.e., T1- triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T2- salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) , T3- 5 kg Zn ha-1 , T4- 2 kg B ha-1 , T5- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 , T6- 5 kg Zn ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T7- 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS), T8- 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T9- 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS), T10- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS), T11- 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) and T12- water spray at the time of PGRs application. Application of 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS) resulted in better plant height (cm), mean stem diameter (cm), shoot number (m-2 ), leaf stem ratio, dry matter accumulation (g m-2 ), higher green and dry fodder yields (t ha-1 ), nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S & B), crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre yield of sorghum. Significantly higher B and S content was recorded with soil application of 2 kg B ha-1 . Soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 resulted in significantly higher Zn content; however significantly higher uptake of Zn was recorded with the application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS). Soil properties viz., soil pH, bulk density, available N, P, K, S and B remained unaffected under different treatments however Zn content in soil was recorded significantly higher with application of 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + triacontanol 10 ppm (30 DAS). Application 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS) resulted in higher net returns (59.40 ₹ x 103 ), while higher benefit-cost ratio was obtained with the application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 + salicylic acid 100 ppm (30 DAS).
Open Access
Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties under organic, natural and conventional farming practices
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2022-12-21) Sharma, Anchal; Sharma, G.D.
A field experiment entitled “Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties under organic, natural and conventional farming practices” was carried out during Kharif 2021 at Integrated Research Farm Holta, Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P) to evaluate the effect of different farming practices on growth, development, productivity and quality of okra varieties and to assess the effect of treatments on soil properties and economics. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium and low in available nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and consisted of 12 treatments comprising of combinations of four farming practices viz. organic farming, natural farming, inorganic farming, integrated nutrient management in main plots and three varieties, namely, Palam Komal, P-8 and Punjab Suhawani in sub plots. Integrated nutrient management resulted in significantly higher values of growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality attributes of okra over other farming practices, while the lowest values were recorded under natural farming practice. The increase in total fruit yield of okra in INM over natural farming practice was 38.3 per cent. Variety Palam Komal came out to be the best performer among the varieties. Significant increase in cation exchange capacity, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were also recorded under organic farming practice over the initial status. Organic farming practice also came out to be the best in terms of effect on soil health as microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes), microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher under organic farming practices. The highest gross and net returns were also recorded under integrated farming practice and in Palam Komal variety. Use of inorganic farming practices resulted in the lowest cost of cultivation (₹41933 ha-1 ) and the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.98). Net profitability was highest under organic farming farming, if the organic produce is sold at 20% premium.
Open Access
Simulating crop water requirement of potato under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalaya
(Palampur, 2022-11-29) Walia, Sarthak; Singh Rana, Ranbir
A field experiment entitled “Simulating crop water requirement of potato under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalaya” was conducted during Rabi 2021-22 at Zero Budget Natural Farming research farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The experiment comprising of four irrigation regimes viz; Limited irrigation (two), Limited irrigation (three), Penman Monteith at 60% AWC (four) and Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) with three dates of sowing (10th November, 10th December &10th January) was laid out under Randomized Block Design with three replications. The soil of experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen (268 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (18.3 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (176.5 kg ha-1 ). The experimental site is located 32°6ʹN latitude and 76°3ʹE longitude. The experimental site received 384.9 mm rainfall during entire crop growth period. The results revealed that the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, no. of plants/m2 , no. of leaves/plant, LAI recorded significantly higher values when crop was sown on 10th November under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC which included five irrigations. However, Penman Monteith at 60 % AWC (four) and Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) did not vary statistically for yield parameters. Similarly, the yield parameters resulted in significantly higher yield under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 60 % AWC (four) (120.9 q ha-1 ) which was at par with Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) (123.4 q ha-1 ) compared to Limited irrigation (two) (100.2 q ha-1 ) and Limited irrigation (three) (109.6 q ha-1 ) treatments. The highest benefit cost ratio was observed for 10th November sown crop (1.70) and under irrigation scheduling based on Penman Monteith at 50 % AWC (five) (1.66). The validation of FAO-CROPWAT model was carried out and the root mean square error for estimated Evapotranspiration (ET) and Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) worked out from the field water balance method varied between 12.18 – 12.87% for different dates of sowing. The validated model was used to simulate elevated temperature regimes of 1°,2°,3°C rise in both maximum and minimum temperature, with 10%, 20% deficit rainfall and 10%, 20% rainfall surplus. With 1°,2°,3°C rise in temperature the increase in crop water requirement ranged between 3.7-9.84 % for various sowing dates. The net irrigation water requirement increased ranging between 4.57-10.43% and 2.58-8.33% with 10% decrease and 10 % increase in rainfall, respectively, whereas it ranged between 5.50-11.43% and 1.54- 7.36% for rainfall deficit of 20% and surplus of 20%, respectively compared to normal weather conditions during the crop growth period for different sowing dates. The regression and principal component analysis indicated that there was 97.99%, 95.18% and 92.99% variation explained to dry matter with weather parameters for 1st , 2 nd and 3rd date of sowing, respectively. The corresponding water footprints were lower in Penman Monteith at 60% AWC (four) compared to Penman Monteith at 50% AWC (five) which resulted in saving of 60 mm water for potato crop under Natural Farming environment in North-Western Himalayas.

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