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Open Access
MODELING AND FORECASTING YIELD OF RICE FOR KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-01-30) THAKUR, SHIVANI; Rana, Ranbir Singh
A field experiment was conducted during Khraif 2017 and 2018 at Experimental Farm of Rice and Wheat Research Centre Malan with five dates of transplanting (15th June, 25th June, 5th July, 15th July and 25th July) and three varieties (HPR 1068, HPR 2880 and HPR 2143) in factorial RBD with three replications. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop during both the years though it was at par with 25th June transplanted crop. There was reduction in grain yield with delay in transplanting after 15th June. The decrease averaged over two years was 7 % in 25th June, 16 % in 5th July, 32 % in 15th July and 45 % in 25th July transplanted crop over 15th June transplanted crop. The early transplanted crop took more days for tillering, panicle initiation, 50 % flowering and maturity. Net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop compared to subsequent dates of transplanting. The agrometeorological indices indicated more values for 15th June to 5th July transplanted crops and lowest values in late transplanted crop. Amongst varieties, HPR 2143 gave significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes during both the years. Likewise, grain yield, biological yield, net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in variety HPR 2143 followed by HPR 1068 and HPR 2880. The DSSAT CERES- Rice model performed well, [high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the physiological maturity (r= 0.89 and 0.95; RMSE= 3.8 and 2.9 days; MAPE= -1.4 and -2.1 %), leaf area index (r= 0.97 and 0.96; RMSE= 0.08 and 0.06; MAPE= 0.96 and 0.82 %), grain yield (r= 0.98 and 0.96; RMSE= 372 and 333 kg ha-1; MAPE= -5.0 and - 9.0 %), biological yield (r= 0.96 and 0.98, RMSE= 656 and 824 kg ha-1; MAPE= 3.2 and 7.2 %) during 2017 and 2018, respectively. The simulated days to physiology maturity, LAI, grain and biological yield matched closely with observed values for all transplanting environments. The model performance was somewhere under estimated or overestimated but found within acceptable limits. The predicted yields of rice using validated CERES-Rice model indicated -6.4 to 6.2, -10.8 to1.2 and -5.2 to 7.6 % at F1stage during 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively and -4.2 to 7.2, -8.7 to 2.2 and -3.1 to 8.6 % errors during 2015, 2016 and 2017 at F2 stage. The yield was more reliable in F2 stage of district Kangra. The model predicted ±10 percent deviation in rice yield compared to actual productivity of district under study and can be used for the yield forecast in the district.
Open Access
PHYSIO-MORPHOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF CROPS AND WEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CONTINUOUS AND ROTATIONAL USE OF HERBICIDES IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Singh, Gurpreet; Suresh, Kumar
The present investigation was conducted in an ongoing long-term experiment on effect of continuous use of herbicides on weed shifts in rice- wheat system at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Nine treatments viz., Farmer’s practice, continuous use of herbicide in rice and continuous or rotational use of herbicide in wheat, continuous use of herbicide in rice with substitution of 25 percent N though Lantana and continuous or rotational use of herbicide in wheat, rotational use of herbicide in rice and continuous or rotational use of herbicide in wheat and rotational use of herbicide in rice with substitution of 25 percent N though Lantana and continuous or rotational use of herbicide in wheat were evaluated for two years (2016-17 and 2017-18) with three replications. Ammannia baccifera and Cyperus sp. were the most dominant weeds constituting (11.97 and 14.54%) of the total weed flora during Kharif 2016 and 2017, respectively. These were followed by Scirpus sp., Cyperus sp. and Monochoria vaginalis, during 2016 and Ammannia baccifera, Scirpus sp., and Monochoria vaginalis, during 2017. Avena ludoviciana was the most dominant weed constituting 20.22 and 18.61% of the total weed flora during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively followed by Phalaris minor (19.26 and 17.69%), Lolium temulentum (19.08 and 15.84%), Poa annua (16.02 and 17.51%), Vicia sativa (10.68% and 8.5%) and Polygonum alatum (1.5 and 6.94%). Significantly lower total weed count, total weed dry matter accumulation and NPK depletion by weeds was recorded in ‘continuous use of herbicides in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’ and ‘rotational use of herbicide in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’ during both the year of study in rice and wheat, respectively. In rice, significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area, leaf area index, CGR, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake during both the years were recorded in ‘continuous use of herbicide in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’. In wheat, significantly higher plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation in root, shoot, leaves and CGR were recorded in ‘rotational use of herbicide in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’ during both the years. Treatment effects were not significant for RGR and NAR for both rice and wheat. The system’s net return and net return per rupee invested were maximum in rotational use of herbicide in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’ during both the years. On an average rotational use of herbicide in both the crops with substitution of 25 per cent N through Lantana in rice’ was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability.
Open Access
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS ON SORGHUM SUDAN GRASS HYBRID - OAT CROPPING SYSTEM.
(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-09) Chahal, Arvind; Sharma, G.D.
A field experiment entitled “Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on sorghum sudan grass hybrid-oat cropping system” was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur from Kharif 2017 to Rabi 2018-19. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and available potassium and low in available nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with two factors and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of four levels of FYM and biofertilizers viz. control, FYM @10 t ha-1, Azotobacter+ PSB and FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB and four levels of fertilizers viz. no fertilizer, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of recommended fertilizer. Significantly highest plant height, shoots per square meter and dry matter accumulation of sorghum sudan grass hybrid and oat was observed with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB than rest of the organic treatments, though this treatment was at par with FYM @10 t ha-1 for leaf stem ratio. Similarly, plant height, shoots per square meter and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing fertilizer levels with highest values recorded with application of 100 per cent of recommended fertilizer though the increase in leaf stem ratio was significant only up to 75 per cent of recommended fertilizer. Significantly highest total green fodder, dry fodder, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre yields and net returns were recorded with the application FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB as well as 100 per cent of recommended fertilizer. Application of FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB resulted in higher benefit cost ratio, while, significantly highest benefit cost ratio was recorded with 100 per cent of recommended fertilizer. Crude protein content was significantly higher with application of FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB as well as 100 per cent recommended fertilizer. However, the effect of FYM @10 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB and FYM @10 t ha-1 was same and resulted in significantly minimum content of acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre. The effect of 75 and 100 per cent of recommended fertilizer was also same and resulted in significantly minimum acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre content.An increase in soil organic carbon, biomass carbon and available NPK was observed with the application of FYM @10 t ha-1+Azotobacter + PSB as well as 100 per cent recommended fertilizer application over the initial status at the end of experiment.
Open Access
STANDARDIZATION OF AGRO TECHNIQUES FOR CULTIVATION OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.) IN MID HILLS OF NORTH WEST HIMALAYAS
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-04-24) K.N, HARSHA; Sharma, V.K.
The present investigation entitled “Standardization of agro techniques for cultivation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in mid hills of North West Himalayas” was conducted as two separate experiments laid out in factorial randomized design with three replications during 2017 and 2018 at Agronomy Research Farm, CSK HPKV Palampur. In the first experiment response of four turmeric cultivars (Palam Lalima, Suvarna, IISR Prathibha and IISR Alleppey Supreme) at three dates of sowing (first, second fortnight of April and first fortnight of May) was evaluated. Among the turmeric cultivars Palam Lalima recorded highest fresh rhizome yield (25.10 t/ha) followed by Suvarna (18.02 t/ha) and found to be suitable for cultivation in mid hills of North West Himalayas. Palam Lalima being a locally acclimatized cultivar had earliness in germination which facilitated for adequate time to complete various crop phenophases. Thus significantly superior growth attributes viz., plant height (50.2 cm); LAI (6.43) and number of leaves/plant (9.0) were recorded in Palam Lalima. Owing to better growth attributes higher rhizome yield /plant (236.78 g) mother, primary and secondary rhizome weight had assisted Palam Lalima to attain higher rhizome yield. Among tested cultivars higher curcumin (4.73%) and oil content (6.7%) was recorded in IISR Alleppey Supreme and Suvarna respectively. Higher net returns (Rs 3,39,393/ha) and B C ratio (3.09) was observed in Palam Lalima. First and second fortnight of April was found to be optimum time for sowing turmeric under Palampur conditions as compared to first fortnight of May. Significantly higher fresh rhizome yield (18.77 and 17.77 t/ha) net return (Rs 2,00,748 and 1,92,748/ha) and B C ratio (2.23 and 2.18) was recorded when turmeric was sown in first and second fortnight of April as compared to first fortnight of May. Reduction of 10.45% in rhizome yield was noticed when turmeric was sown in first fortnight of May as compared to first fortnight of April. Palam Lalima and Suvarna performed best when they were planted during first fortnight of April as compared to first fortnight of May. Poor growth and yield attributes observed in IISR Alleppey Supreme and IISR Prathibha was due to sub optimal temperature prevailed in the experimental area. In the second experiment response of turmeric for spacing (30 cm x 20 cm and 30 cm x 30 cm) propagating material (mother and primary rhizome) and crop establishment methods (transplanting seedlings and rhizome planting) was evaluated. Significantly higher fresh rhizome yield (18.44 t/ha) was observed with spacing 30 cm x 20 cm as compared to 30 cm x 30 cm spacing. No significant difference for fresh rhizome yield was noticed when primary or mother rhizome was used as propagating material. Similarly no significant variation for rhizome yield was noticed among different crop establishment methods. However higher B C ratio was recorded when turmeric was established by transplanting seedling as compared to conventional rhizome planting. Transplanting of turmeric seedling will be an option to address the germination delay problem in Palampur region. Transplanting of turmeric seedling as a substitute for rhizome sowing will conserve 75 % of seed rhizome along with conserving farm resources viz., irrigation water and labour resulting in higher net returns. Thus in turn assist in conservation and efficient utilization of farm resources.
Open Access
MODELING AND SIMULATING GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT UNDER VARYING ENVIRONMENTS IN MID HILL CONDITIONS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Pathania, Renu; Prasad, Rajendra
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Palampur with five dates of sowing (20th October, 5th November, 20th November, 5th December and 20th December) and four varieties (HS-490, VL-829, VL-892 and VL-907) in split plot design with three replications in silty clay loam, acidic soil, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and high in potassium. The growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, number of grains tiller-1 and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in 20th November sown crop during both the years. There was reduction in grain yield with delay in sowing after 20th November. The decrease averaged over two years was 15 percent in 20th October, 6.2 percent in 5th November, 19.5 percent in 5th December and 21.6 percent in 20th December crop. The early sown crop took more days for tillering, flag leaf, earing and maturity. Amongst varieties, VL-907 and VL-829 gave significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes during both the years. The DSSAT CERES- Wheat model performed well [high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the days to anthesis (r=0.99 and 1.00; RMSE=3.4 and 3.5 days; MAPE=-0.9 and -1.7 %), physiological maturity (r=0.99 and 0.99; RMSE=3.2 and 3.6 days; MAPE=-1.3 and -1.3 %), leaf area index (r=0.91 and 0.83; RMSE=0.4 and 0.4; MAPE=-4.3 and -3.1 %), grain yield (r=0.76 and 0.82; RMSE=381 and 281 kg ha-1; MAPE=0.06 and 3.5 %), biological yield (r=0.89 and 0.98, RMSE=735 and 591 kg ha-1; MAPE=3.2 and -5.9 %) during 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. The simulated days to anthesis and physiology maturity, LAI, grain and biological yield matched closely with observed values for all sowing environments. All crop characters in terms of days to attain anthesis and physiological maturity, grain and biological yield increased with all levels of projected CO2 concentration (i.e., 414, 522 and 682ppm in 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively) among the dates of sowing and varieties. The number of days to attain anthesis and physiological maturity decreased, with all projected temperatures (viz., 1.3oC, 2.9oC and 5.2oC for the years 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, respectively) alone and also in combination with at all levels CO2 concentration, for all the sowing dates and varieties. The decrease was also found in grain and biological yield. Delay in sowing of VL-829 & VL-907 varieties up to 20th December with increase in number of irrigations from two to five each at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 145 days after sowing increased grain as well biological yield under different climate change scenarios were simulated adaptive strategies obtained.
Open Access
SITE SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09) Seth, Meenakshi; Thakur, D.R.
The experiment was conducted for a period of two years from Rabi (wheat) season of 2015-16 through Kharif (rice) season of 2017 at the Experimental Farm of CSK HPKV, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan to study the response of site specific nutrient management in wheat in rice-wheat cropping system. The experiment consisted of 10 treatments comprising combinations of five nutrient management practices i.e. recommended fertilizer dose (120:60:30 kg ha-1 NPK) with top dressing of nitrogen after irrigation; recommended fertilizer dose with top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation; fertilizer dose as recommended by software Nutrient Expert – Wheat (125:45:78 kg ha-1 NPK) with top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation, Nutrient Expert – Wheat guided fertilizer dose (70% nitrogen recommended by software and rest with green seeker technology) with top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation and N-rich plot which received 150% of recommended nitrogen with top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation with two tillage options i.e. conventional tillage and zero tillage tested in strip plot design, replicated three times. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available N (425 kg ha-1), high in available P (40 kg ha-1) and medium in available K (230 kg ha-1). Results revealed that tillage options had no significant effect on the grain yield of wheat while significantly higher grain yield of rice was recorded in conventional tillage as compared to zero tillage. Nutrient management practices had significant effect on yield of wheat during second year (2016-17) as well as on pooled basis with significantly higher yield recorded in N-rich plot in which 150% of recommended nitrogen was added with top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation. The wheat yield recorded with the application of fertilizer dose recommended by software Nutrient Expert – Wheat for a target of 55 q ha-1 was considerably lower than the targeted yield indicating the need to improve/modify the software. Top dressing of nitrogen after irrigation gave better result than top dressing of nitrogen before irrigation though the differences were not significant. Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was higher in conventional tillage over zero tillage in wheat and rice. Soil bulk density and soil fertility status (organic carbon, N, P and K) was higher in zero tillage than conventional tillage during both the years. Zero tillage resulted in higher net returns per rupee invested as compared to conventional tillage in both wheat and rice. Lower global warming potential was recorded with zero tillage over conventional tillage in both wheat and rice.
Open Access
DIVERSIFICATION OF THE EXISTING FARMING SYSTEMS UNDER MARGINAL HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS IN KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-22) Meenakshi; Pathania, Pawan
The farmer has to be assured of a regular income for a reasonable standard of living by including other enterprises and efficient management of on- and off-farm resources. Himachal Pradesh has limited scope of the extension of cultivated area, because of its topographic features; the only scope for the agriculture growth is increasing productivity of high cash crops and spread the pace of diversification with different agro climatic condition in the state. The present study was conducted in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to characterize and diversify the farming systems. For characterization of farming systems, data were collected from 120 farmers selected randomly from 12 villages of four blocks namely, Baijnath, Kangra, Nagrota Bagwan and Nurpur. On enterprises based characterization, four types of farms were identified. These were crops+ livestock, crops+livestock+vegetables, crops+vegetables+bee keeping and vegetables+livestock. The large portion of farmers (marginal farmers) followed crops+livestock+vegetables farming system (65.83%) followed by crops+livestock (28.33%). Crops+livestock+beekeeing and vegetables+livestock farming systems were also adopted by the negligible percentage (0.83%) of the farm households. On an average, farmers of different categories (Marginal, small, medium and large) generally used higher seed rates of maize (27.57 kg/ha), wheat (111.11 kg/ha) and paddy (38.18 kg/ha) than the recommended one i.e. 20, 100 and 25 kg/ha, respectively and the average use of NPK in the form of urea and IFFCO was much lower than the recommended dose for all the crops. Twenty four on-farm trials were undertaken to harness the fruits of diversification during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The households were identified based on the benchmark survey already undertaken during 2012-13 under the aegis of On-farm Farming System Research Programme of AICRP-IFS. The benchmark survey results revealed that a net income under field crops alone, Field crops+dairy and crops+dairy+goat/sheep was ₹ 9230, ₹ 22465 and ₹ 20147/household, respectively. After two years of intervention, the income/household increased to ₹ 18696, ₹ 27175 and ₹ 28964, respectively. The intervention cost on field crops (Complete package of practices and vegetable seedlings), field crops + dairy (Package of practices, vegetable seedlings, mineral mixture supplementation and grading sieve) and field crops + dairy + goat/sheep (Package of practices, vegetable seedlings, mineral mixture supplementation and grading sieve) during the first year of study was ₹ 3281, 3599 and 3605/household, respectively. During the second year the corresponding intervention cost was ₹ 3212, 3465 and 4153/household, respectively. The study results inferred that the interventions at each aspect of crop and animal diversification increased the income of all the households. The sustainable diversified farming systems were seen highly profitable and the appropriate diversification of components increased the production per unit area and overall income of the farm.
Open Access
STUDIES ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN SOYBEAN-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Rana, Khushboo; Singh, Janardan
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage practices, organic manures and inorganic fertilizer doses on growth, development, yield, quality, soil parameters and economics of soybean and wheat crops in a system approach at Research Farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur from Kharif 2015 to Rabi 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in split plot design consisting of 3 tillage practices (zero tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage) and 2 organic manures (vermi-compost @ 5 t/ha and FYM @ 10 t/ha) in main-plots and 3 inorganic fertilizer doses (50% RDF, 75% RDF and 100% RDF) in sub-plots. The treatments were allocated randomly and replicated thrice. Significantly/numerically higher values of growth, development, yield attributes, yield, nutrient content and uptake and economics of soybean-wheat cropping system were recorded under conventional tillage, application of vermi-compost @ 5 t/ha and 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers, respectively. Weed count was significantly higher under zero tillage and 100 per cent recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers in soybean and wheat crops. NPK status in soil was improved under zero tillage, vermi-compost @ 5 t/ha and 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers, respectively. Significantly higher soil organic carbon content was also recorded under zero tillage. Conventional tillage, vermi-compost @ 5 t/ha and 100 per cent recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers proved to be the best treatments for higher productivity and profitability of soybean-wheat cropping system under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
Open Access
PHYSIO-MORPHOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF CROPS AND WEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY INTEGRATED PLANT NUTRITION SYSTEM (IPNS) IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM
(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-13) Guleria, Gunjan; Rana, Surinder Singh
The present investigation was undertaken in a long-term experiment on IPNS in rice-wheat cropping system at the Badiarkhar farm of the university. Twelve treatments viz., control (no fertilizer/manure), 50, 75 and 100% NPK each to rice and wheat through fertilizers, 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat through fertilizers, 50% substitution of N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 100% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; 25% substitution of N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 75% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; and farmers’ practice (40% NPK through fertilizers to each crop plus 5 t FYM/ha on dry weight basis to rice) were evaluated for a period of two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) with four replications. Ammannia baccifera was the most dominant weed constituting 40 and 35% of the total weed flora during kharif 2014 and 2015, respectively. This was followed by Monochoria vaginalis, Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Echinochloa sp. and Cyperus difformis during 2014 and Monochoria vaginalis, Brassica sp., Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Cyperus difformis and Cynodon dactylon during 2015. Phalaris minor was the most dominant weed constituting 74% of the total weed flora during rabi 2014-15 and 59% during rabi 2015-16 followed by Alopecurus sp. (13 and 19%), Vicia sativa (7 and 15%), Polygonum hydropiper (2 and 3%), Lathyrus aphaca (2% and 1%) and Polygonum alatum (1 and 1%). Artemisia sp. (1%) and other weeds (0.4%) had a little infestation during rabi 2014-15. While Cynodon dactylon (0.2%), Anagallis arvensis (0.3%), Centella asiatica (0.1%) and other weeds (2%) had shown their invasion during rabi 2015-16. Significantly higher plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation in root, shoot and leaves, CGR, RGR and NAR in rice during both the years were recorded in T6 where 50% substitution of N in rice was made through FYM. Highest root: shoot was obtained in T7 (25% N substitution through FYM in rice). In wheat significantly higher plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation in root, shoot and leaves and CGR were also in T6 during both the years. Wheat RGR was maximum in T2 (50% NPK through fertilizers in both crops) during 2014-15 and T6 during 2015-16. Wheat NAR was maximum in T1 (control) during both years. The minimum days to flowering and maturity in both rice and wheat were in T6 during both the years. T6 gave significantly higher grain and straw yield of rice during both years and of wheat during 2015-16. The system’s net returns were maximum in T6 during both the years. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T5 during 2014-15 and in T6 during 2015-16. On an average T6 where 50% NPK in combination with 50% N (FYM) was applied to rice and 100% NPK to wheat was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability.

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