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2010 - 201985
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    An appraisal of cultural weed management practices on weed dynamics, productivity and profitability in organically managed maize – pea cropping system
    (palampur, 2019-09-28) Hetta, Gaytri; Rana, S.S.
    The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under AICRP-WM (All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management) during 2018-19 (rabi) to 2019 (kharif) at Palampur. Ten weed control treatments based on hoeing (T1), stale seed bed + hoeing (T2), raised stale seed bed + hoeing (T3), mulch (T4), stale seed bed + mulch (T5), raised stale seed bed + mulch (T6), intercropping (T7), crop rotation (T8), intensive cropping (T9) and chemical check (T10). Twenty two weed species were found to infest the pea crop, whereas 13 weed species were found in maize crop. Stellaria media (14%), Phalaris minor (13%), Vicia sativa (12%), Tulipa asiatica (9%), Vicia hirsuta (6%), Avena ludoviciana (7%), Poa annua (6%), Anagallis arvensis (6%) and Ranunculus arvensis (4%) were the major weeds during rabi 2018-19. The dominant weed species in pea crop were Stellaria media and Phalaris minor with SDR values of 10.6 and 10.3, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for order or abundance of a species within a sample plot was highest under RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by intensive cropping (T9). Lowest values of this index were obtained under intercropping (T7) followed by hoeing (T1). Echinochloa colona (24%) was the most dominated weed followed by Cyperus sp (22%), Commelina benghalensis (17%), Polygonum alatum (11%), Galinsoga parviflora (11%) and Digitaria sanguinalis (5%) during kharif 2019. The dominant weed species in maize crop were found to be Echinochloa colona, Cyperus sp. (C. iria and C.esculentus) and Commelina benghalensis with SDR values of 18.8, 17.9 and 14.6, respectively. Shannon Weiner index accounting for the order or abundance of a species within a community was highest for the RSSB + hoeing treatment (T3) followed by SSB + hoeing (T2), intercropping (T7) and chemical check (T10). It was lowest under RSSB + mulch (T6) followed by hoeing treatment (T1). The pod yield in plot with intensive cropping (T9) was maximum followed by chemical check (T10) in rabi 2018-19. Chemical check treatment (T10) gave highest maize green cob yield (10323 kg/ha). However, RSSB + hoeing with 9208 kg/ha of green cobs was statistically equal to the chemical check. Higher productivity (maize equivalent yield) of 11420 kg/ha was obtained under the chemical check (T10) treatment being at par with RSSB + hoeing (T3) (10160 kg/ha). The B:C followed the trend of intensive cropping > intercropping > chemical check > RSSB + hoeing > RSSB + mulch. Significantly higher energy use efficiency (12.3%) was recorded with crop rotation treatment (T8) followed by RSSB + hoeing (T3).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Yield maximization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties at varying fertility level in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh
    (palampur, 2019-08-30) Kumar, Nitesh; Mankotia, B. S
    A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at CSKHPKV, Rice and Wheat Research Centre (RWRC), Malan with the objective of fine-tuning fertility levels for maximizing yield of rice varieties in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment consisted of 5 main-plot treatments comprising different fertility levels {50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100% RDF (90:40:40), 150% RDF, 50% RDF + Azolla and 100% RDF + Azolla} and 4 varieties as sub-plot treatments {Vivekdhan 65, HPR 2143, HPR 2720 (red rice) and AZ 6508 (hybrid)}. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and sufficient in available zinc and iron. Azolla was applied @ 20-25 g m -2 at 10 DAT, which was allowed to multiply in-situ for about 2-3 weeks and subsequently trampled twice. The increase in fertility level and Azolla application increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of rice. Application of Azolla increased the rice productivity significantly both at 50 and 100% RDF by 399 and 481 kg ha -1 , respectively. Application of 100% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity (5319 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (INR 79,490 ha -1 ) which was at par with productivity and profitability achieved with 150% RDF (5192 kg ha -1 , INR 75,738 ha -1 ). Similarly, 50% RDF + Azolla recorded productivity and profitability which was at par with 100% RDF thus revealing a saving of 50% RDF with the use of Azolla. Hybrid „AZ 6508‟ recorded maximum grain yield of 6924 kg ha -1 followed by Vivekdhan 65 (4822 kg ha -1 ), red rice „HPR 2720‟ (3924 kg ha -1 ) and HPR 2143 (3740 kg ha -1 ). The maximum net return (INR 93,924 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.13) were recorded by the hybrid AZ 6508. Though the productivity of Vivekdhan 65 was more than red rice „HPR 2720‟, but due to higher price of red rice it fetched more net return (INR 76,248 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (1.94). Interaction effect revealed that the application of 100% RDF + Azolla to the hybrid AZ 6508 produced grain yield of 7430 kg ha -1 with net return of INR 101,630 ha -1 and B:C ratio of 2.23. Thus, farmers of mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh can maximize the rice productivity by growing hybrid AZ 6508 and applying 100% RDF + Azolla @ 20-25 g m -2 10 DAT. Next to hybrid, red rice HPR 2720 is the most profitable choice.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Long term effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply System in Rice-Wheat cropping system
    (palampur, 2017-07-17) Rana, Jyotika; Negi, SC
    The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient supply system in rice-wheat cropping system during 2016-17 at Badhiarkhar Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The treatments comprising of T1 - Control (No fertilizer, no manure), T2 - 50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3 - 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4 - 75% NPK to both rice and wheat, T5 - 100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6 - 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T7 - 75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8 - 50% NPK + 50% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9 - 75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T10 - 50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11 - 75% NPK + 25% N (green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12 -Farmers‟ Practice (40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both the crops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, high in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height, higher dry matter accumulation, number of shoots, CGR & RGR were recorded in T6 incase of rice. In case of wheat, initial plant stand at complete emergence, plant height, number of shoots and dry matter accumulation at different stages were also maximum in T6. The days taken to 50% flowering/earing as well as maturity were minimum in the treatment comprising of 50% NPK along with FYM in rice (T6).The study revealed that T6 resulted in higher tillers, panicles, grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw & biological yield of rice. In case of wheat, higher number of spikes, number of grains per spike, length of spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw and biological yield were found in T6. Pooled data of 22 years from 1994-95 to 2016-17 showed that the maximum yield was recorded in T6. The net returns of the system was maximum in treatment T6 while the benefit cost ratio was maximum in treatment T5. The treatment comprising of 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat (T6)was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability followed by T10 and T5.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    RESPONSE OF GRAM TO ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS UNDER RAINFED AND IRRIGATED CONDITIONS IN GRAM-OKRA CROPPING SYSTEM
    (CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-07-06) AHMAD, NESAR; Rameshwar, Kumar
    A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2015-16 at Holta Organic Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the response of gram to organic and inorganic sources of nutrients under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments comprising of combinations of four nutrient management practices i.e. organic nutrient management [soil treatment with jeevamrit & seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB, vermicompost (VC) @ 5 t ha-1 & 3 sprays of vermiwash], inorganic nutrient management (recommended NPK), integrated nutrient management (2.5 t ha-1 VC + 50% of recommended NPK) and farmer’s practice (1.25 t ha-1 VC + 25% of recommended NPK) with two conditions i.e. irrigated and rainfed were tested in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield of gram were increased with irrigated condition and nutrient management practices. Under irrigated condition, 15.20 per cent higher yield and 10.41 per cent higher net returns per rupee invested were recorded over rainfed condition. Among nutrient management practices, organic nutrient management recorded significantly higher seed yield (1060.1 kg ha -1 ) as compared to other treatments, followed by integrated nutrient management practice. At the same time organic nutrient management recorded highest net returns (₹ 52467 ha-1 ) and 7.10 net returns per rupee invested. Integrated nutrient management was the second best treatments, recorded higher net returns (₹ 32210 ha-1 ) as compared to inorganic and farmers practice. The available nutrient status of soil (NPK) was significantly higher under organic nutrient management as compared to other treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MODELING AND FORECASTING YIELD OF RICE FOR KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
    (CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-01-30) THAKUR, SHIVANI; Rana, Ranbir Singh
    A field experiment was conducted during Khraif 2017 and 2018 at Experimental Farm of Rice and Wheat Research Centre Malan with five dates of transplanting (15th June, 25th June, 5th July, 15th July and 25th July) and three varieties (HPR 1068, HPR 2880 and HPR 2143) in factorial RBD with three replications. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in available N, high in available P and medium in available K. The growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop during both the years though it was at par with 25th June transplanted crop. There was reduction in grain yield with delay in transplanting after 15th June. The decrease averaged over two years was 7 % in 25th June, 16 % in 5th July, 32 % in 15th July and 45 % in 25th July transplanted crop over 15th June transplanted crop. The early transplanted crop took more days for tillering, panicle initiation, 50 % flowering and maturity. Net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in 15th June transplanted crop compared to subsequent dates of transplanting. The agrometeorological indices indicated more values for 15th June to 5th July transplanted crops and lowest values in late transplanted crop. Amongst varieties, HPR 2143 gave significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes during both the years. Likewise, grain yield, biological yield, net returns and B: C ratio was significantly higher in variety HPR 2143 followed by HPR 1068 and HPR 2880. The DSSAT CERES- Rice model performed well, [high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the physiological maturity (r= 0.89 and 0.95; RMSE= 3.8 and 2.9 days; MAPE= -1.4 and -2.1 %), leaf area index (r= 0.97 and 0.96; RMSE= 0.08 and 0.06; MAPE= 0.96 and 0.82 %), grain yield (r= 0.98 and 0.96; RMSE= 372 and 333 kg ha-1; MAPE= -5.0 and - 9.0 %), biological yield (r= 0.96 and 0.98, RMSE= 656 and 824 kg ha-1; MAPE= 3.2 and 7.2 %) during 2017 and 2018, respectively. The simulated days to physiology maturity, LAI, grain and biological yield matched closely with observed values for all transplanting environments. The model performance was somewhere under estimated or overestimated but found within acceptable limits. The predicted yields of rice using validated CERES-Rice model indicated -6.4 to 6.2, -10.8 to1.2 and -5.2 to 7.6 % at F1stage during 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively and -4.2 to 7.2, -8.7 to 2.2 and -3.1 to 8.6 % errors during 2015, 2016 and 2017 at F2 stage. The yield was more reliable in F2 stage of district Kangra. The model predicted ±10 percent deviation in rice yield compared to actual productivity of district under study and can be used for the yield forecast in the district.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Environmental and socio-economic impacts of tillage and weed management practices in maize-wheat cropping system under mid and low hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
    (CSKHPKV. Palampur, 2019-09-27) SHARMA, ANUJ; Suresh, Kumar
    The field experiment consisting of fifteen treatment combinations viz. five tillage treatments viz. CTCT, CT-ZT, ZT-ZT, ZT-ZTR & ZTR-ZTR (CT, conventional tillage; ZT, zero tillage and ZTR, zero tillage & residue) and three weed management treatments viz. H-H, IWM-IWM & HW-HW; (H, herbicide; IWM, integrated weed management; HW, hand weeding) in a continuing maize-wheat cropping sequence were undertaken since 2013-14. During 2017-18, invasion of Avena ludoviciana (24%), Coronopus didymus (24%), Lolium temulentum (17%), Vicia sativa (17%), Phalaris minor (10%), and Anagallis arvensis (8%) was recorded in wheat. Ageratum conyzoides L. (29%), Commelina benghalensis (24%) Bidens pilosa (19%), Cyperus spp. (15%) and Digitaria sanguinalis (13%) were the major weeds recorded in maize. Tillage and weed management treatments brought about significant variation in the count and dry weight of weeds associated with wheat and maize crops. Among tillage treatments, ZT-ZTR resulted in significantly high grain yield as well as straw yield of wheat as compared to other treatments. Management of weeds with integrated management technique resulted in 9.9 percent higher grain yield as compared to HW-HW treatment. In maize, ZTR-ZTR behaving statistically alike with CT-CT recorded significantly higher green cob yield and maize equivalent yield as compared to other tillage practices. Significantly highest maize yield was recorded in IWM-IWM treatment and this treatment resulted in 26 percent higher maize equivalent yield compared to HW-HW treatment. In maize, ZTR+IWM-ZTR+IWM remaining at par with ZT+IWM-ZT+IWM resulted in significantly higher maize equivalent yield over rest of the treatments. With each of the tillage manipulation IWM-IWM gave higher gross and net returns, followed by H-H and HW-HW. ZTR+IWM-ZTR+IWM resulted in significantly higher energy output as compared to other tillage treatments. Most of the farming families in mid and low hills of Himachal Pradesh has farming as a secondary occupation. Due to fragmented and marginal land holding, farming community has poor adoption for different resource conserving tillage and weed management practices in maize-wheat cropping system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF BLACK GRAM GENOTYPES AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE + BLACK GRAM INTERCROPPING SYSTEM UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018) Shilpa; Singh, Janaradan
    A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2017 to study the effect of black gram genotypes and nitrogen levels on performance of maize + black gram intercropping system at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprising of five genotypes (Him mash-1, DKU-118, DKU-82, DKU-98and DKU-99), two nitrogen levels (50 % and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen) and two sole crops (maize and black gram). Experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height of maize were recorded in maize + DKU-118 followed by maize + Him mash-1 intercropping system. The highest dry matter accumulation, number of cobs per plant, grain yield, stover yield and biological yield of maize was recorded in maize + Him mash-1intercropping system. Maize + Him mash-1 intercropping system also resulted in significantly higher values of plant height, absolute growth rate, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield of black gram. The treatment 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen recorded significantly higher values of growth & yield attributes and yields. Maize + Him mash-1+100 % recommended dose of nitrogen significantly resulted in higher maize equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio, productivity, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and profitability followed by maize + DKU-99 + 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen. Him mash-1 and DKU-99 were found to be equally good for intercropping with maize under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF PYRAZOSULFURON-ETHYL IN CONTROLLING WEEDS IN TRANSPLANTED RICE
    (CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur, 2018) Rana, Ankit; Rana, M.C.
    The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of CSKHPKV, Palampur during kharif and rabi 2017 to evaluate the new herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl for controlling weeds in transplanted rice. Ten treatments comprised of company released sample of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl at 10, 15, 20 & 30 g/ha, market sample of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl at 10 & 15 g/ha, bispyribac- sodium at 20 & 40 g/ha, hand weeding twice and weedy check were evaluated for weed control, yield and economics. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction (5.5), medium in available N (242 kg/ha), medium in available P (21 kg/ha) and high in available K (330 kg/ha). Ammannia baccifera and Cyperus difformis were the major weeds constituting 35.6 and 16.6 per cent, respectively of the total weed flora in rice during kharif season. These were followed by Echinochloa colona (14.2%), Cyperus iria (12%) and Echinochloa crusgalli (7.1%). Herbicides have significantly reduced the count and dry weight of weeds. Results revealed that plant height, total number of effective tillers, functional leaves per plant, crop dry matter accumulation, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, grain and straw yield were significantly higher when herbicides were applied. Maximum weed control efficiency was recorded in hand weeding treatment. Abundance of weeds in weedy check lowered the grain yield of rice by 24 per cent over the best treatment. Highest benefit cost ratio was obtained from pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 20 g/ha. Both pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and bispyribac-sodium did not show any phytotoxic effect on transplanted rice and on succeeding wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Strategiies to manage weeds iin organiic crop productiion system (Maiize-Garlliic) under miid hiillll condiitiions of Hiimachall Pradesh.
    (CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-07) Sharma, Rahul; Sharma, G.D.
    The sttudy was carrrriied outt iin a conttiinuiing experriimentt underr AIICRP--WM ((Allll IIndiia Coorrdiinatted Researrch Prrojjectt on Weed Managementt)) durriing 2017--18 ((rabii)) tto 2018 ((khariiff)) att tthe rresearrch ffarrm off Deparrttmentt off Agrronomy,, Forrages and Grrasslland Managementt,, CSK HP Krriishii Viishvaviidyallaya,, Pallampurr.. Ten weed conttrroll ttrreattmentts viiz..,, T1-- hoeiing,, T2-- sttalle seed bed + hoeiing,, T3-- rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing,, T4-- mullch,, T5-- sttalle seed bed + mullch,, T6-- rraiised sttalle seed bed + mullch,, T7-- iintterrcrroppiing,, T8-- crrop rrottattiion,, T9-- iinttensiive crroppiing and T10-- chemiicall check.. Therre werre 22 weed speciies iin garrlliic and 19 weed speciies iin maiize.. Phallariis miinor,, Daucus carotta and Anagalllliis arvensiis werre tthe majjorr weeds consttiittuttiing 17..0,, 14..0 and 12..0 perr centt,, rrespecttiivelly off tthe ttottall weed ffllorra iin garrlliic.. Commelliina benghallensiis,, Galliinsoga parviiffllora and Agerattum sp.. werre tthe majjorr weeds consttiittuttiing 21..0,, 17..0 and 11..0 perr centt,, rrespecttiivelly off tthe ttottall weed ffllorra iin maiize.. IIn garrlliic,, llowestt popullattiion off grrasses was rrecorrded iin sttalle seed bed + mullch beiing sttattiisttiicalllly att parr wiitth rraiised sttalle seed bed + mullch and mullch.. Wherreas,, brroad--lleaved weeds‘‘ popullattiion was llowestt iin sttalle seed bed + hoeiing beiing sttattiisttiicalllly att parr wiitth rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing and hoeiing.. IIn maiize,, popullattiion off grrasses and sedges was nott affffectted siigniiffiicanttlly by varriious weed conttrroll ttrreattmentts.. Wherreas,, popullattiion off sedges was miiniimum iin rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing beiing sttattiisttiicalllly att parr wiitth mullch,, iinttensiive crroppiing,, sttalle seed bed + mullch and iintterrcrroppiing.. Maxiimum pllantt heiightt,, numberr off ffuncttiionall lleaves//pllantt,, numberr off pllantts,, bullb weiightt,, numberr off clloves//bullb,, bullb yiielld,, sttrraw yiielld and harrvestt iindex off garrlliic werre obttaiined iin rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing.. Crrop rrottattiion had hiighestt ttottall costt off cullttiivattiion ffollllowed by rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing and sttalle seed bed + hoeiing.. ‗‗IInttensiive crroppiing‘‘ gave hiighestt grross rretturrns ffollllowed by iintterrcrroppiing and rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing.. IIntterrcrroppiing gave hiighestt nett rretturrns ffollllowed by iinttensiive crroppiing and rraiised sttalle seed bed + hoeiing.. IIntterrcrroppiing had hiighestt B//C rrattiio ffollllowed by iinttensiive crroppiing and rraiised sttalle seed bed + mullch.